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Wind Energy

Wind Energy . Developed and presented by Ed Shoener To Wilkes University FYF 101J 19 November 2007. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!!. Why such growth…costs!. 1979: 40 cents/kWh. 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh. Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances

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Wind Energy

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  1. Wind Energy Developed and presented by Ed Shoener To Wilkes University FYF 101J 19 November 2007

  2. Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!!

  3. Why such growth…costs! 1979: 40 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized) 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh

  4. Elegant Power Source

  5. Need to Change Perceptions…

  6. Modern Windmills

  7. Types of Electricity Generating Windmills • Small (10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Applications • (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) • Intermediate • (10-250 kW) • Village Power • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power • Large (250 kW - 2+MW) • Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power

  8. 10 kW 50 kW 900 W 400 W Modern Small Wind Turbines:High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance • Technically Advanced • Only 2-3 Moving Parts • Very Low Maintenance Requirements • Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid • American Companies are the Market and Technology Leaders (Not to scale)

  9. Large Wind Turbines • 328’ base to blade • Each blade 125’ • Span greater than 747 • 163.3 tons total • Foundation 20’ deep • Rated at 1.5 to 3.0 megawatt • Supply at least 350 homes

  10. Connected to Regional Power Grid

  11. Wind Farms

  12. Windfarm 2

  13. Off-Shore Windfarms

  14. Denmark

  15. Relative height of tall human structures Wind Power Today: RelativeHeight Empire Eiffel Umass 1.5 MW Medium Farm State Tower Library Turbine Turbine Turbine 1250’ 986’ 297’ 356’ 212’ 142’ 381 m 301 m 90 m 109 m 65 m 43 m 28 stories --------------examples -------------------

  16. Wind Turbine Technology North Wind 100 rating 100 kW rotor: 19.1 m hub height: 25 m Lagerwey LW58 rating: 750 kW rotor: 58 m hub height: 65 m Enercon E-66 rating: 1800 kW rotor: 70 m hub height: 85 m Boeing 747 wing span: 69.8m length: 73.5 m North Wind HR3 rating: 3 kW rotor: 5 m hub height: 15 m Enercon E-112 rating: 4000 kW rotor: 112 m hub height: 100 m Comparative Scale for a Range of Wind Turbines

  17. Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??

  18. Potential of Wind Energy

  19. Wind Potential Source: U.S. DOE

  20. Key Environmental Issues facing Wind Power

  21. Photosimulationof Wind Plant ActualWind Plant

  22. Impacts of Wind Power:Noise • Modern turbines are relatively quiet • Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height away from houses

  23. Bat fatalities have been reported at nearly all wind energy facilities in the U.S. and annual mortality has been estimated to vary from <2 to nearly 50 bats/turbine/year. Current evidence suggests that bat mortality appears to be highest in or near forests, especially along ridge tops, moderate in open areas close to forest in the Midwest, and lowest in open grassland or farmland away from forests. No endangered species of bat has yet been found and reported killed at a wind farm in the continental United States. Many of the bats involved in collisions with wind turbines were apparently migrating. About seven species of bats have been documented to collide with wind turbines. Bats involved are primarily common, tree-dwelling bats with widespread geographic distributions. Bat fatality at wind turbines is largely understudied; to date, only 12 studies have been conducted in the U.S. Numerous information gaps remain and warrant investigation. Only one refereed journal article on bat mortality at turbines has been published. BATS

  24. BIRDS • Birds occasionally collide with wind turbines, as they do with other tall structures such as buildings. • Avian deaths have become a concern at Altamont Pass in California, which is an area of extensive wind development and also high year-round raptor use. • Detailed studies, and monitoring following construction, at other wind development areas indicate that this is a site-specific issue that will not be a problem at most potential wind sites. • Wind's overall impact on birds is low compared with other human-related sources of avian mortality

  25. Habitat Fragmentation • Wind energy can also negatively impact birds and other wildlife by fragmenting habitat • Installation and operation of wind turbines themselves and through the roads and power lines that may be needed. • This has been raised as an issue in areas with unbroken stretches of prairie grasslands or of forests. • More research is needed to better understand these impacts. • Design and locate projects to minimize fragmentation

  26. Environmental Benefits

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