Cause & Effect

1. Cause & Effect Rhetorical Strategy AP Language & Composition

2. The Method • To figure out reasons and results is to use the method of CAUSE AND EFFECT. Why did something happen? What were the consequences? What might be the consequences?

3. Examples of the Method • Causes? • Why do birds migrate? • What has caused sales of Detroit-made cars to pick up (or decline) lately? • Effects • What have been the effects of the birth-control pill on the typical American family? • What impact has the personal computer had on the nursing profession? • Suppose an asteroid the size of a sofa were to strike in Philadelphia?

4. Process: Subjects, Purposes, and Theses • Causation: Why? What results? What if? • An excellent cause and effect subject should be a topic near to you. Example: For a 500-word essay due Thursday, the causes of teenage rebellion would be a less feasible topic than why a certain thirteen-year-old you know ran away from home.

5. Process: Subjects, Purposes, and Theses • Most of the time you will seek simply to explain what did or might occur, laying out the connections clearly. • You may want to go further, arguing for one interpretation over others. You still need to be clear and accurate in presenting your interpretation, treat the other issues fairly.

6. Process: Subjects, Purposes, and Theses Examples A bill like the one we’ve just passed (to ban imports from factories that use child labor) is of no use unless it goes hand in hand with programs that will offer a new life to these newly released children. ChitraDivakuaruniLive Fee and Starve It is possible to stop most drug addiction in the United States within a very short time. Simply make all drugs available and sell them at cost. Gore Vidal, Drugs My suspicion is, in fact, that very few of us ...have really responded to the AIDS crisis the way the federal government and educators would like us to believe. My guess is that we’re all but ignoring it and that almost anyone who claims otherwise is lying. Meghan Daum, Safe-Sex Lies

7. Causal Relations • Pay attention to chronological order. What caused what? • Example: Why a battle may be lost? 1. The losing general had fewer soldiers and had a blinding hangover the morning he mapped out his strategy. 2. Winter set in and winter enforcements failed to arrive, and a Joan of Arc inspired the winning army. ONE EVENT PRECEDES ANOTHER EVENT!

8. Causal Relations • Determine if the cause is major or minor. Ex: If Judd acquires a heavy drug habit and also takes up residence in a video arcade, and as a result finds himself penniless, it is probably safe to assume that the drug habit is the major cause of his going broke and his addiction to video games a minor one. (If you were writing about his sad case, you’d probably emphasize the drug habit by giving it most of your space, perhaps touching on video games briefly.)

9. Cautions with Causal Relations Beware of confusing coincidence with cause. Post hoc-because A happened before B, A must have caused B. Ex: This is the error of the superstitious man who decides that he lost his job because a black cat walked in front of him. Another error is to oversimplify causes by failing to recognize their full number and complexity. Ex: Violent crime is simply a result of “all those gangster shows on TV.”

10. Discovery of Causes • What am I trying to explain? • What is the character, personality, or mental state of whoever acted? • In what scene or location did the act take place, and in what circumstances? • What instruments or means did the person use? • For what purpose did the person act? Pentad: the act, actor, scene, agency, and purpose

11. Focus on Clarity and Conciseness • Read p. 435 in The Bedford Reader  • http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/gallery/intro.html

12. CAUSE & EFFECT REVIEW Why did something happen? What were the consequences? What might be the consequences?