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Natural Units – Atoms, electrons, molecules, and moles

Natural Units – Atoms, electrons, molecules, and moles. Units such as meter, second, joule, calorie, gram, kilogram etc are artificial (man-made) units.

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Natural Units – Atoms, electrons, molecules, and moles

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  1. Natural Units – Atoms, electrons, molecules, and moles Units such as meter, second, joule, calorie, gram, kilogram etc are artificial (man-made) units. What are natural units?How many are there? How do natural units interact with each other?What are the ultimate fundamental particles (units) of the universe? Atoms, electrons, molecules, and moles are natural units or building blocks of matter. Photons are natural units of EM radiation (energy). Natural Units

  2. Philosophy and Sciences Philosophy: the love of wisdom and ultimate truth -a critical and systematic study of utmost-limit of things. Sciences: ask fundamental questions -satisfy intellectual curiosities stimulated by the environment around us. Science is the logic reunion of knowledge corresponding to the reality. Philosophy is a united logic parallel and don’t have any effect because it isn’t experimental. Both come from the same principle and follow to the same end: the knowledge of reality. Natural Units

  3. Philosophical Approach Philosophy is the serious and systematic attempt to investigate: What is the world, and what is our place in it? What is science? Is it infallible? How should science affect us? What is the relation between the world and us? Is there a single set of “correct” moral standard? Issues regarding materials:the smallest number of things, the smallest units of things, the fundamentals in the world or universe, … Natural Units

  4. The Aspect of Learning Everything that the human race has done and thought is concerned with the satisfaction of deeply felt needs and the assuagement of pain. Albert Einstein The aspect of learning includes:clear understandingimpartial truthright reasonfair playgood willdecent dialogand wise priorities. science pantheism theism atheism anti-pantheism Non-theism polytheism religion Natural Units

  5. Fundamental Natural Units What are the fundamentals of the physical world? The Yin-Yang Dualism (orient) The Primal Substances (Greek) These philosophies dominated human reasoning for a long period, and they still have some effects over modern scholars. Many don’t dare to disagree. What to do if you don’t agree? – deal with it philosophically rigorous and constructive reasoning, clarity of expression, and the ability to address complex and difficult problems. Natural Units

  6. The Yin & Yang Dualism Dualism: The ultimate of the universe consists of Yin and Yang. I-ching (Book of change(s)) by Fu-Hsi(early Zhou dynasty 1134-247 BC) The oracle is one of 64 different hexagrams. The hexagram itself is composed of two trigrams, each consisting of three lines. Those lines are either straight (or Yang) or broken (Yin). Links to I-Chingpacificcoast.net/~wh/ Natural Units

  7. I-Ching – book of change(s) During the Zhou dynasty (1100-256 B.C.), Lao Tzu (LaoZi) started the Tao philosophy based on I-Ching, and Confucius started the first public school that opened to commoners. This also marked the first schism in I-Ching scholars. In Zhou, the lunar calendar based on the 10 celestial stems and 12 earthly branches was established. By marking the compass with the 10 celestial stems and 12 earthly branches, the space and time met the first time.  Natural Units

  8. Implication Natural Units

  9. Yin-Yang philosophy Yin originated from Yang and vice versa. Together, Yin and Yang form ONE system, no superior part. Each and any part of a system has the ability to imbalance the harmony of the whole. Yin and Yang could not exist alone; they co-exist with no conflict of interest.They encircled and embrace each other. The constant moving balance is the ideal image of harmony.  This philosophy came to being during the pre-class society, members being considerate. It reflects the character of many Chinese even today. Reserve your right not to agree! Natural Units

  10. Einstein on Religion and Science What are the feelings and needs that have led men to religious thought and belief in the widest sense of the words? A little consideration will suffice to show us that the most varying emotions preside over the birth of religious thought and experience. With primitive man it is above all fear that evokes religious notions - fear of hunger, wild beasts, sickness, death. Stages of Religion:Social religion, Moral religion, Cosmic ReligionThere is a third stage of religious experience which belongs to all of them, even though it is rarely found in a pure form: I shall call it cosmic religious feeling. It is very difficult to elucidate this feeling to anyone who is entirely without it, especially as there is no anthropomorphic conception of God corresponding to it. Science and ReligionThe man who is thoroughly convinced of the universal operation of the law of causation cannot for a moment entertain the idea of a being who interferes in the course of events - provided, of course, that he takes the hypothesis of causality really seriously. He has no use for the religion of fear and equally little for social or moral religion. Natural Units

  11. Primal Substances – Plato’s natural units Plato (427-347 BC) postulated that combinations of four primal substances:air, water, fire, and earthmade up all materials. According to Timaeus Show the falsity of primal substances Natural Units

  12. Aristotle’s World Aristotle (384-322 BC) examined the ideas of primal substances from the viewpoint of causes and effects. He added four qualities:cold, wet, dry and hotto account for the changes. Earth Water Cold Wet Dry Hot Fire Air Plato's doctrine dominated scientific reasoning for almost 2000 years. What is wrong with Aristotle’s world? Natural Units

  13. Doctrine Challenged The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity. ~ A. Einstein Enterprise, medicine, trade, and technology lead to wealth, which brought leisure to people for the pleasure of science. Plato doctrine was challenged by a few scholars: Bacon (1561-1626) developed methods of fact collectionDescartes (1596-1650) introduced a principle of doubt Galileo (1564-1642) invented experimental methodsHelmont (1580-1644) and Boyle (1627-1691) investigated gasThey disagreed! Primal substance concept invalidated, as a result. Natural Units

  14. The Chemical Element Concept During the 16th century, tools emerged for the study of gases. Not all gases the same. – Air is not a primal substance. Boyle initiated the chemical element concept: I mean by Elements, as those Chymists that speak plainest do by their Principles, certain Primitive and Simple or perfectly unmingled bodies; which not being made of any other bodies, or of one another, are the Ingredients of which all those call'd perfectly mixt (i.e. compound) Bodies are immediately compounded and into which they are ultimately resolved. A chemical element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into any simpler things. They are the natural building blocks (units) of matter. Natural Units

  15. The Phlogiston Theory Becher (1635-1682) suggested that combustible material contained an inflammable phlogiston, which was released during burning, Metal  residue + phlogiston The late 18th century was dominated by the "phlogiston" theory. Phlogiston theorists identified three essences which comprise all matter: sulfur or terra pinguis, the essence of inflammability; mercury or terra mercurialis, the essence of fluidity; and salt or terra lapida, the essence of fixity and inertness. Priestly and Lavoisier Metal + oxygen = calx (ash) They denounced the phlogiston theory as being a pure logical speculation. Natural Units

  16. Discovery of Oxygen as an Element Priestly discovered that not all air are the same. He found nitrous air reacted with portion of air. The modern explanation is due to the reaction: 2 NO + O2 = 2 NO21/5 of air NO2 is soluble in H2O. Natural Units

  17. Additional Elements Traite Element de Chimie lists these elements GeneralLight, Caloric, Azote (nitrogen), Hydrogen, Oxygen Nonmetals whose oxides are acidmetallic, Sulfur, Fluoric radical, Charcoal, Muriatic radical, Phosphorus, Boric radical Metals whose oxides are acidsAntimony, Iron, Silver, Arsenic, Lead, Platina, Bismuth, Manganese, Tin, Colbalt, Mercury, Tungstein, Copper, Molybdens, Zinc, Gold, Nickel Salt and earthy substance:Lime, Magnesia, Argill, Barytes, Silex Natural Units

  18. Dalton’s Atomic Theory Dalton (1766-1844): all substances are made of small, indivisible, and fundamental natural units called atoms. Natural Units

  19. Periodic Table of Elements Goto Internet: www. Webelements.com www. periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.html Natural Units

  20. Natural Units in Chemical Reactions Atoms and ions Fe + S = FeS H + Cl = H+ + Cl– Molecules, moles and Avogadro’s number Arrangement of Ge atoms in crystals image from webelements.com Natural Units

  21. Molecules Failure of Dalton’s atomic theory 2 H + O = 2 HO 2 H + O = H2O (does not agree with volume measured) H + O = HO (does not agree with volume measured) Avogadro(1775-1856 ): natural units (for chemical reactions are molecules rather than single atoms. 1 vol. O2 + 2 vol. H2 2 vol. H2O 2 CO (g) + O2 (g) Avogadro’s number = 6.0221367e23 molecules mol-1 (physical constant) Natural Units

  22. Natural Units of Electric Charge Electrostatic Force: (Coulomb’s law or Interaction)The force between two static charges of q1 and q2 C separated at distance r is q1q2F = C ---------- r 2 Coulomb constant in vacuumC = (4)–1= 8.987551787x109 N m2 C-2 C: Coulomb, SI unit of charge Newton's law m1 m2F = G ---------- r 2 Gravitational constant G = 6.67259x10-11 N m2 kg-2 Natural Units

  23. Electrochemical Reactions Galvani (1737-1798) studied medicine, but taught at university and carried out research on electric effect of tissues and muscles. Natural Units

  24. Galvani Luigi Galvani (1737-1798): erroneously concluded that the frog's nervous system generated an electrical charge, his work stimulated much research into the electrochemistry. The depiction of his laboratory  Natural Units

  25. Electrochemistry A. Volta (1745-1827) experimented with different materials, and made voltaic piles (batteries) William Nicholson (1753-1815) observed bubbles forming on the surfaces of metals submerged in water when they are connected to a voltaic pile Humphry Davy (1778-1829) observe electrolysis of water and metal salts. Following that, … Michael Faraday (1791-1860) studied electrolysis, and discovered the relationship between charges and chemical stoichiometry Natural Units

  26. Electrolysis Faraday (1791-1860) discovered chemical reactions caused by electricity, and he further investigated electrolysis. Passing 96485.309 coulomb through the cell will deposit 108 g (1 mole) of silver (Ag), or 1.008 g (also 1 mole) of hydrogen. Faraday constantF = 96485.309 C. Natural Units

  27. The Electron Crookes (1832-1919) discovered cathode rays as negatively charged particles J.J. Thomson determined mass to charge ratio in 1897. Millikan's experiment determined the charge Natural Units

  28. Electrons qe = –1.60217733e-19 C F = 96485 C me = 0.00054856 amu = 9.1093897e-31 kgspin = ½ (two state) magnetic moment = 9.284770e–24 J/tesla Voltaic piles (batteries) made the following study possible W. Crookes(1832-1919) observed cathode rays in low-pressure tubes. 1897: J.J. Thomson determined the charge to mass ratio (e– / me) of cathode rays (electrons). 1916 R. Millikan (1868-1953) measured the amount of charge of e–. Natural Units

  29. Properties of Electron 9.1093897x10-31 kg5.4856 x10-4 amu 0.510999 MeV (/c2) Rest mass -1.60217733 x 10-19 C-4.80663 x10-10 esu-1 atomic charge Charge spin 1/2 9.284770x10-24 J/tesla1.00115965219 Bohr magmetons Magnetic moment Natural Units

  30. Spin of the Electron In 1896, P. Zeeman (1865-1943) shared physics Nobel Prize with H.A. Lorentz for observed the broadening of the sodium D-lines when the source is placed in a magnetic field. The theoretical explanation is provided almost 30 years later by quantum mechanics. George E. Uhlenbeck (1900-1988) and Samuel A. Goudsmit (1902-1978) proposed that the electrons might have an intrinsic angular momentum or spin of sz = ±½h. Natural Units

  31. Stern-Gerlach Experiment Natural Units

  32. Electron Spin Magnetic Moment The z-component of magnetic moment due to intrinsic spin of the electron is expected to be z = ±½ B but the measured value turns out to be about twice that. B = h / 2  m Natural Units

  33. Electron Spin Technology According to Nature of Dec. 6, 2001 We (6 researchers at UC St. Barbara) would like to electrically manipulate the electron spin because that's the bridge to a scalable technology. Today's charge-based electronics all use electrical gates--a sandwich of electrical plates--to guide electrons. We want to use the electrical control methods of today's technology to fabricate a spin gate. This paper reports spin gates that can make the electron spin go one way or the other or just stay put. And the gate works at room temperature. Natural Units

  34. Protons, Neutrons and Quarks As we shall see, the discovery of protons and neutrons made people consider them as the fundamental particles. However, physicists have evidences to show that all particles, including protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. There are two types of quarks in each of the three generations of matter. Individual quarks have not been detected, but their existences are inferred. Please recall the Yin and Yang philosophy. We shall give a full discussion on protons, neutron, and quarks. Natural Units

  35. Nature’s Hierarchy – a biological view ? ? ? Sub-Atomic ParticlesAtomMoleculeOrganelleCellTissueOrganOrgan SystemMulticellur OrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystemBiosphere Natural Units

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