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Chapter 15: Theory of Evolution

Chapter 15: Theory of Evolution. Objectives:. Summarize the history of scientific ideas about evolution. Describe Charles Darwin’s contributions to scientific thinking about evolution. Analyze the reasoning in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. The Idea of Evolution.

merrill-peterson
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Chapter 15: Theory of Evolution

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  1. Chapter 15: Theory of Evolution

  2. Objectives: • Summarize the history of scientific ideas about evolution. • Describe Charles Darwin’s contributions to scientific thinking about evolution. • Analyze the reasoning in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

  3. The Idea of Evolution • Evolutionis the process of change inthe inherited characteristics within populations over generations such that new types of organisms develop from preexisting types.

  4. Old Theories of Evolution • Jean Baptiste Lamarck(early 1800’s) proposed: “The inheritance of acquired characteristics” • He proposed that by using or not using its body parts, an individual tends todevelopcertaincharacteristics, which itpasseson to itsoffspring.

  5. Darwin’s Background • Born in England, 1809  • Studied Medicine at Edinburgh University • Transferred to Cambridge University • Studied to be a Minister Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ61-104].

  6. Charles Darwin • Wrote in 1859: “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” • Two main points: 1. Species were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species. 2. Proposed a mechanism for evolution:NATURAL SELECTION

  7. Darwin’s Expedition - 1831 • Hired as Naturalist on H.M.S. Beagle • Sailed on Five Year Scientific Expedition • Down East Coast of South America • Up Pacific Coast to Galapagos Islands • Made Stops on Mainland and Islands • Observed Variety of Life and Habitats

  8. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Voyage http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=394121AC-2256-43A7-8F70-367D66017CFC&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  9. Darwin’s Work • Outlined Theory in his Book in 1859: • On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection • Published Other Works on Biology • Died in 1882 • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=56A5F7FE-FBBE-469B-AB79-3A4E63A7AED3&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  10. Summary of Origin of Species • Proposed Evolution Resulting from Natural Selection: • Organisms Produce Many Offspring • Competition for Food, Territory, Mates, etc. • Those With Best Traits Survive • Organisms Change Over Many Generations • Time Frame: Millions of Years

  11. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Ideas, continued • Natural Selection • Organisms in a population adapt to their environment as the proportion of individuals with genes for favorable traits increases. • Those individuals that pass on more genes are considered to have greater fitness.

  12. Example of Natural Selection

  13. EVIDENCE

  14. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Biogeography • Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world, provides evidence of descent with modification.

  15. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology • In organisms, analogous structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins. • Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin.

  16. Analogous Structures • Different structure design, same purpose.

  17. Homologous Structures • Different uses, same design

  18. Darwin’s Support for His Theory • Characteristics of Organisms Coincide With Habitats • Changes Produced by Breeding of Organisms • Geologic Ages Suggested by Charles Lyell • Similarities of Various Organisms

  19. What is natural Selection? • Species with the best traits survive to reproduce. • Over a period of time will develop into a separate species. • Convergent Evolution • Divergent Evolution • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=462C367F-A499-4AEE-BBA9-01876F259E5A&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  20. What is Convergent Evolution? • Different unrelated species demonstrate similar traits in response to environment.

  21. What is divergent Evolution? • Common ancestor • Develop different traits

  22. Summary • Charles Darwin • “Survival of the fittest” • Species with the best traits will live to reproduce. • The trait will adapt to the environment. • Takes place over millions of years. • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=EC3622D3-6490-43D8-870D-098235A1E3F8&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

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