Geology of Fossil Fuels

1. Geology of Fossil Fuels

2. Natural Resources • Global uneven distribution of natural resources • Global uneven use of natural resources • 20% of the wealthiest population use 80% of natural resources; 80% use the rest of 20% • U.S. with 6% of the world’s population uses 30% of world’s yearly natural resources

3. Society Kilocalories per Person per Day Modern industrial (United States) 260,000 Modern industrial (other developed nations) 130,000 Early industrial 60,000 Advanced agricultural 20,000 Daily Energy Use Per Person in Different Stages of Development Early agricultural 12,000 Hunter– gatherer 5,000 Primitive 2,000

4. Per Capita Energy Use and GNP

5. Energy Sources • Non-renewable (82%, 92% in US) • Oil, Coal, Natural gas, Nuclear power • Renewable (18%, 8% in US) • Biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind

6. Nuclear power 6% Nuclear power 8% Hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind 7% Hydropower geothermal solar, wind 4% Natural Gas 23% Natural Gas 23% Biomass 11% Coal 22% Coal 21% Oil 39% Oil 32% Biomass 4% World United States

8. 3,500 Oil 3,000 2,500 Coal 2,000 Oil equivalent (millions of metric tons) 1,500 1,000 Natural gas 500 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year GlobalConsumption of Fossil Fuels

9. Petroleum/Hydrocarbons

10. Petroleum forms from oceanic micro-organisms

11. SOURCE ROCKJurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation, Kimmeridge, Dorset

12. Jurassic shale and limestone cliffs of Lyme Regis, Dorset

13. Fossil ammonites from Jurassic

14. Durdle Door, Dorset, England

15. Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface

16. Reservoir rockMiddle Jurassic, Bridport Sands, Dorset

17. Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface

18. La Brea Tar Pits, California

19. Location of petroleum deposits worldwide

20. Regional Shares of Proved Oil Reserves

21. Western Europe 2% North America 6.7% Africa 5% Latin America 6.5% Eastern Europe and Russia 8% Middle East 67.9% Far East and Oceania 5.9% The World’s Oil Reserves

22. Who uses petroleum? 2000 US Dept. of Energy

23. Oil Use in US • 62% of energy comes from oil and natural gas • 95% of energy used for transportation comes from oil • 3% of world oil reserve • Use 30% of global oil production • 68% for transportation • Import 60% of oil supplies

24. Oil Discovery (3 year average - past and projected) 1930-2050

26. Petroleum depletion In the next 50 years, we will see the end of “inexpensive” petroleum

27. Coal – the “other” Fossil Fuel

28. Coal forms from plant material in Coastal Swamps

29. Formation of coal

30. Coal deposits in North America

31. Major Coal Basins

32. Worldwide coal deposits

33. Coal Statistics • Usage • 21% of energy (62% of electricity) • 22% of energy (52% of electricity) in US • Identified reserves • 225 years at current rate • 65 years (with 2% annual increase) • Depletion is not as imminent, but…

34. Pollution from Coal • Radioactivity and toxic metals • Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides • Largest single source of acid rain • CO2 and global warming - 36% emission • Land disturbance • Water pollution by mine drainage and toxic chemicals

35. “The good old days”