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Lecture 2 – Psyco 350, A1 Winter, 2011

Lecture 2 – Psyco 350, A1 Winter, 2011. N. R. Brown. Outline. A Little History Information Processing & the Modal Model Memory Systems Aspects of Modal Model: STM vs LTM: Serial Position Curve Properties of STM Capacity: Span Task Duration/Forgetting: Brown Peterson Task

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Lecture 2 – Psyco 350, A1 Winter, 2011

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  1. Lecture 2 – Psyco 350, A1Winter, 2011 N. R. Brown Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 1

  2. Outline • A Little History • Information Processing & the Modal Model • Memory Systems • Aspects of Modal Model: • STM vs LTM: Serial Position Curve • Properties of STM • Capacity: Span Task • Duration/Forgetting: Brown Peterson Task • Retrieval: Sternberg Task Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 2

  3. A Very Little Bit of History Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 3

  4. Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) • Father of Memory Research • Memory stripped of meaning • Inventor of the nonsense syllable (DAX, FOZ, KIR) • Discoverer of: • Learning curve • Forgetting function Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 4

  5. Fredrick Bartlett (1850-1909) • Impact of prior knowledge and meaning on memory. • Most important ideas: • reconstruction • schemata Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 5

  6. Verbal Learning • Emerged from Behaviorism • Focus: • relationship between external variables and human memory performance • forgetting and theories of forgetting • Approach: • Rigorously conducted, list learning (often paired associate) experiments Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 6

  7. Historical Precedence Ebbinghaus Verbal Learning Behaviorism Contemporary Memory Research Bartlett Information Processing Cog Psych Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 7

  8. And Now … Cognitive Research Memory Research Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 8

  9. Information Processing  • Core metaphor: human mind as serial computer • To understand/describe computer behavior, specify: • hardware • software • available data Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 9

  10. Information Processing To understand/describe human behavior, specify: • the cognitive architecture (hardware) • identify components & their general function: • characterize components in terms of: • capacity • speed • accuracy • a cognitive task analysis (software & data) Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 10

  11. Information Processing Cognitive Task Analysis (software & data): • What are the mental operations required to perform a task? • How are the operations sequenced? • What information is involved in task? • How is the information accessed? • How is it represented? • How is it altered during the processing? Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 11

  12. A Simple Computer Architecture • Input devices/registers • Active memory and processing • Inactive (but accessible) memory Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 12

  13. Modal Model of Memory • The standard model of memory • Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) • Four components • Sensory registers • Short-term memory • Long-term memory • Control processes Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 13

  14. Modal Model of Memory Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 14

  15. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 15

  16. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 16

  17. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 17

  18. Modal Model: Component Functions 1. Sensory stores: function: buffers sensory input for selection and identification 2. Short-term Memory function: temporal storage during processing 3. Long-term Memory function: store declarative & procedural knowledge declarative -- knowing that procedural -- knowing how 4. Attention function: Selection and transfer from sensory stores Maintenance of information in STM Selection and scheduling of tasks Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 18

  19. Multiple (Long-term) Memory Systems • Long-term memory involves several sub-components • Different memory systems for different types of information Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 19

  20. Multiple Memory Systems • Memory • Declarative Memory (explicit memory) • Semantic memory • “permanent,” decontextualized knowledge • Episodic memory • “forgettable” event memories • Nondeclarative memory (implicit memory) • Procedural memory • Classical conditioning • Priming Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 20

  21. Memory as Everything – A Simple Demonstration • (read &) store 1st #: [84] blue = WM • (read &) store 2nd #: [57] • Retrieve-execute: [2-digit addition strategy] red = procedural • retrieve top ones digit: [4] memory • retrieve bottom ones digit: [7] • retrieve addition fact: [4+7=11] green = semantic • store ones sum: [1] memory • retrieve-execute: [carry operation] • retrieve top tens digit: [8] • retrieve addition fact: [8+1=9] • store new top tens digit: [9] • retrieve top tens digit [9] • retrieve bottom tens digit: [5] • retrieve addition fact: [9+5=14] • store tens sum [14_] • Retrieve, combine sums [14; 1  141] • State answer: “141” Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 21

  22. Modal Model: Evidence STM – LTM Distinction • Assumption: • dual stores – STM & LTM: • small amount of info held briefly in STM • rehearsal enables and is required for transfer from STM to LTM • Support: serial-position-curve phenomena Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 22

  23. Free Recall & the Serial Position Curve Memory Tests Recall Recognition Cued Uncued FREE Serial Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 23

  24. Free Recall Task Instructions: There are 15 words on this list. When I say to, please write down as many of these words as you can. List #1 – 15 words Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 24

  25. Free Recall Task Instructions: There are 15 words on this list. When I say to, please write down as many of these words as you can. List #2 – 15 words; 20 s delay Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 25

  26. Free Recall & the Serial Position Curve • Free recall: • uncued recall of studied items • order of output unconstrained • Manipulate a variety of: • Encoding factors (e.g. presentation rate) • Storage factors (e.g., delay) • Dependent variable: • % recalled as a function of serial position Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 26

  27. Serial Position Curve • Primacy: Good recall for 1st few items • Recency: Good recall for last few items on list Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 27

  28. Modal Account of the Serial Position Curve • Recency Effect produced by read-out from STM • Primacy & “pre-recency” reflect information retrieved from LTM • “Transfer” from STM to LTM caused by rehearsal. • Implications: • Primacy & Prerecency:  w/ rehearsal • Recency: unaffected by rehearsal Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 28

  29. Rundus (1971): Rehearsal & the Serial Position Curve • Materials • 20-word list • presentation rate: 5 s/word • Task(s): • During study – overt rehearsal • During test – free recall Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 29

  30. Rundus: Rehersal Protocols Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 30

  31. Relation between Rehearsal & Recall • Analysis: • # rehearsals for each word (position) • % recall for each word (position) • Results: • “For a given amount of rehearsal, items from the initial serial positions are no better recalled than items from the middle of the list” – Rundus, 1971, p. 66 Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 31

  32. Relation between Study-time (Rehearsal) & Recall • Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) • manipulate study-time. • Assume: study time & rehearsal related • Results: • Primacy & Prerecency:  w/ study time • Recency: unaffected by rehearsal styd Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 32

  33. Relation between Filled Delay & Recall • Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) • Manipulate retention interval. • Assume filled delay replaces contents of STM • Results: • Primacy & Prerecency: un affected by delay • Recency  as delay  styd Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 33

  34. Amnesia & Serial Position • Baddeley & Warrington (1970) • H.M. – removal temporal lobe and hippocampus • Clobbered Explicit memory. • Yet – on immediate test, recency intact styd Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 34

  35. Dissociation: Evidence for Dual Store • Dissociation – when “a single variable has different affects on two or more measures.” • Evidence for separate stores, processes, or representation. • Many variables have dissociative effect on the prerecency & recency portion of serial position curve. Psyco 350 Lec #2 – Slide 35

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