ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: Nuclear Magnet Resonance (NMR) se

1. ECE5320 MechatronicsAssignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: Nuclear Magnet Resonance (NMR) sensor Prepared by: Yiding Han Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University E: yiding.h@aggiemail.usu.edu 3/7/2008

2. Outline • Reference list • To explore further • Major applications of NMR • Introduction of NMR • An Example of 1H-NMR spectrum of ethanol • “INSIDE-OUT” NMR Sensors • Limitations • Where to buy • Makers of NMR apparatus ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

3. Reference list • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance • John C. Edwards, Ph.D. Principles of NMR, http://www.process-nmr.com/pdfs/NMR%20Overview.pdf • Jaideva C. Goswami, Senior Member, IEEE, Apo Sezginer, Senior Member, IEEE, and Bruno Luong, On the Design of NMR Sensor for Well-Logging Applications • http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/inside.htm ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

4. To explore further • http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6215304.html • http://www.process-nmr.com/nmr_surface_sensors.htm • http://www.spectroscopynow.com/coi/cda/home.cda?chId=5 • http://www.wfu.edu/~ylwong/chem/nmr/h1/ • http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpcbfk/2003/107/i43/abs/jp0349740.html ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

5. Major applications of NMR • Medicine • Chemistry • Non-destructive testing • Data acquisition in the petroleum industry • Process control • Earth's field NMR • Magnetometers ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

6. Introduction of NMR • Most atomic nuclei such as 1H, 13C, 19F, 31P,29Si, and 199Hg possess a physical property known as spin. As a result of its electrical charge, the spinning nucleus possesses a magnetic moment μ. Thus it acts as a tiny bar magnet with its axis along the axis of rotation. • When the nucleus is placed in an external magnetic field B0, the energetically most favorable state is reached when the magnetic moment is oriented parallel to B0. • The orientation of nuclear spins is quantitized. In the case of an isolated 1H nucleus only two orientations are possible, one parallel to B0, which is energetically favorable, and one antiparallel to B0. The energy difference ΔE between both orientations is given by Two allowed orientations (parallel and antiparallel) of a nuclear spin with magnetic moment μ in an external magnetic field B0. h is Planck’s constant and γ is the gyromagnetic ratio ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

7. Introduction of NMR cont… • In equilibrium, the nuclear spins are not evenly distributed over both energy levels. • According to Boltzmann’s law, the lower energy level is slightly more populated than the higher energy level. Radio frequency (RF) waves, when transmitted to the sample, induce transitions between the energy levels only if the RF frequency ν matches exactly the energy difference ΔE according to Planck’s law (ΔE = hν). This is called the resonance frequency of a nucleus, vresonance ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

8. Introduction of NMR cont… • As a result of the transitions, the population of the higher energy level is slightly increased. This process is called excitation. • Only nuclei with a resonance frequency within the frequency bandwidth of the RF pulse are excited. • Immediately after full excitation, the nuclear spins are distributed evenly over both energy levels. • Subsequently, the spins return slowly to the equilibrium distribution by emitting an RF signal at the resonance frequency, which is detected by the NMR spectrometer the main components of a modern NMR spectrometer. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

9. Introduction of NMR cont… • The basic NMR spectrum is a plot of intensity versus frequency of the RF signal detected by the NMR spectrometer. • From the NMR spectrum, we can observe valuable information about chemistry and molecular structure ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

10. An Example of 1H-NMR spectrum of ethanol • 1H-NMR spectrum of ethanol shows the signals of all hydrogen atoms in the molecule. • Red line - The integral of the spectrum. • Chemical shift (ppm) = resonance frequency (Hz) * 106 / γB0. • Tetramethylsilane (TMS) was added to the sample. It give rise to a single signal at 0 ppm by standard. It is the universal chemical shift reference for 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

11. "INSIDE-OUT" NMR Sensor • What is “inside-out” NMR sensor? • The term “inside-out” mean that the sample, usually inside of the tube of a NMR spectrometer, is placed outside of the NMR sensor. This design allows the NMR probe to detect NMR spectrum of the sample from almost any size and shape. • An NMR sensor includes a magnetic field generating assembly, an RF antenna, and a plurality of ferrite members which couple with RF magnetic fields transmitted or received by the RF antenna. The sensor is typically used in apparatus for performing borehole measurements. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

12. “inside-out” NMR Sensor Cross section of an inside-out NMR well-logging sensor ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

13. NMR Sensors for well-logging In the last few years, NMR measurements have become an important part of oilfield well logging to identify and quantify oil and gas reservoirs. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

14. NMR Sensors for well-logging cont… • For such applications, the major problem comes from the fact that the sample (earth formation) is outside the sensor. • Also, at a depth of about 5km, a typical well depth, the NMR instrument has to withstand hostile conditions such as high temperatures (175 oC), high pressures (20 000 Psi), corrosive fluid, low power, and high mechanical shocks. • the instrument must be designed to fit inside a small hole (typically 6–12 in in diameter). ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

15. NMR Surface Sensors • These sensors are developed for the investigation of large objects that cannot be accommodated in NMR magnet systems. • They are for absolutely non-destructive analysis processes. • Basic advantages of Surface NMR Sensors: • high sensitivity • high penetration • low cost • small size and mobility (compared with other kinds of surface sensors) ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

16. NMR Surface Sensors cont… ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

17. Portable NMR Sensors • Portable High-Resolution NMR Sensor This portable device makes it possible to obtain a high-resolution NMR spectrum outside of the laboratory and from samples of any size. It may help getting valuable information for identifying the chemical constituents in suspicious substances. NMR sensors may even bring food analysis to a store near you. Portable High-Resolution NMR Sensor demonstrated at Berkeley ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

18. Limitations for NMR Sensors • Size is normally very large. • The system cost is still expansive. • Most NMR Sensors are not suitable for portable applications. • The above three problems can be solved with the development of technology. • System Complexity • Detecting range is short • Only sensitive to certain kinds of substance, for instance, 1H, 13C, etc. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

19. Where to buy • NMR sensors are not sold in retail stores (yet?). • Most NMR sensors are still restrained within experimental environments or in laboratories. However, some successful prototypes have been produced to meet the needs of certain applications. • NMR sensors for oil-logging industry are sophisticated enough for commercial applications. But the apparatuses are only designed and produced by specific companies under contracts. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

20. Makers of NMR equipment • Bruker BioSpin: http://www.bruker-biospin.com/nmr.html • General Electric • JEOL http://www.jeol.com/PRODUCTS/AnalyticalInstruments/NuclearMagneticResonance/tabid/97/Default.aspx • Kimble Chase • Philips • Siemens AG • Varian, Inc http://www.varianinc.com/cgi-bin/nav?products/nmr/index&cid=KHOHMLLOFL • SpinCore Technologies, Inc. http://www.spincore.com/ ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators