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Lesson 9 (Nov. 10)

Lesson 9 (Nov. 10). Technical Statements in The Passive Form (“By” and the agent). “By” + Who-Agent. Examples (from Workshop 3) People usually find oil deep in the ground. Oil is usually found deep in the ground by people .

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Lesson 9 (Nov. 10)

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  1. Lesson 9 (Nov. 10) Technical Statements in The Passive Form(“By” and the agent)

  2. “By” + Who-Agent • Examples (from Workshop 3) • People usually find oil deep in the ground.Oil is usually found deep in the ground by people. • Workers use the derrick to lift sections of pipe.The derrick is used by workers to lift sections of pipe. • In theabove examples, we have added “by + who-agents”: • Who find oil?  People. • Who use the derrick?  Workers. • In technical writing, most passive sentences have no who-agent. • The who-agents are not always necessary unless precision is needed.

  3. “By” + Who-Agent • Examples where the who-agent is meaningful: • The laws of motion were discovered by Isaac Newton. • The inductor motor was first conceived by Nikola Tesla. • Newtonian mechanics were reformulated by Lagrange into what is known as Lagrangian mechanics.

  4. “By” + What-Agent • On the other hand, what-agentsare more frequently needed for complete information. • The following sentences will not be complete without by + what-agents: • Many car enginesare cooled by water. • Old trains are powered by steam. • The frequency content of a signal is obtained by Fourier Transform. • Fresh water can be obtained by distillation. … by what? … by what? … by what? … by what?

  5. “By” + Doing-What-Agent • The what-agent gives a general idea of how something is done: • Many car engines are cooled by water. • Sometimes it is necessary to explain a process in more detail. The what-agent can be expanded into a doing-what-agent. • Many car enginesare cooled by circulating water through the engine assembly. • The frequency content of a signal is obtained by performing Fourier Transform on the time series.

  6. “By” + Doing-What-Agent • The basic structure:What is doneby doing what else. • Example: The following two sentences have the same meaning, but the second is more precise. • Fresh watercan be obtainedby distillation. • Fresh watercan be obtained by distilling salt water. passive form: subject The what-agent is replaced by the doing-what-agent be + past participle

  7. Complete the sentences with “by” + doing-what-agents • Engines are cooled by … (circulate, water, through assembly)Engines are cooled by circulating water through the assembly. • A simplified model is obtained by …(linearize, equations of motion) • … linearizing the equations of motion • The signal can be amplified by … (increase, gain, amplifier) • … increasing the gain of the amplifier. • Before an analog-to-digital conversion, a signal must be pre-processed by … (filter, high-frequency content) • … filtering the high-frequency content.

  8. Complete the sentences with “by” + doing-what-agents • The presence of oil cannot be determined by …(study, surface, rocks) • … studying the surface of rocks. • High bit rates need to be achieved by …(increase, transmission rate) • … increasing the transmission rate. • High-order functions can be approximated by … (add, hidden layers, artificial neural network) • … adding hidden layers to the ANN. • In OFDM communication systems, channel estimation is performed by …(transmit, pilot symbols, among data) • … transmitting pilot symbols among the data.

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