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Writing to Argue

Writing to Argue. Why Writing to Argue?. Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing Text Type and Purpose

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Writing to Argue

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  1. Writing to Argue

  2. Why Writing to Argue? Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing TextTypeandPurpose * Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

  3. CLAIM-EVIDENCE-WARRANT Step 1. Make a claim about a topic or a text. Step 2. Support the claim with relevant and sufficient evidence. Step 3. Tie it all together with valid reasoning. Warrant evidence with commentary that explains how the evidence proves the claim.

  4. Toulmin Method: Example Claim: Don’t eat that mushroom. Evidence: It’s poisonous. Warrant: Eating poisonous things is dangerous. Don’t eat that mushroom. Because it is poisonous. Since eating poisonous things is dangerous.

  5. A Well-Supported Argument May Contain Other Kinds of Support Textual Support Counterargument Response to anticipated argument(s) from readers of their own judgments Facts Description Statistics Quotes Expert Testimony Paraphrase Reliable Sources Summary Response to the objections that a reader might have for the writer’s argument Personal Anecdotes Others’ Experiences Comparison & Contrast

  6. Minimum Guidelines by Topic(generally for body paragraphs) • Claim • Explanation • Evidence 1 • Warrant 1 • Evidence 2 • Warrant 2 • Address Counterargument • Red Bow Conclusion

  7. Minimum Guidelines by Topic(generally for body paragraphs) • Claim (Topic Sentence) – approximately 1 sentence • Explanation – approximately 1 sentence • Evidence (elaboration techniques) – approx. 1 sentence • Textual Evidence • Authoritative Quotations • Facts/Statistics • Definitions • Witness Statements • Expert Testimony • Counterargument • Repetition • Warrant 1 – minimum 2-3 sentences • Evidence 2 – approximately 1 sentence • Warrant 2 – approximately 1 sentence • Address Counterarguments – if you haven’t already done so within your warrants • Red Bow Conclusion – wrap it all up in a concluding statement

  8. Types of Evidence • Textual Evidence • Authoritative Quotations • Facts/Statistics • Definitions • Witness Statements • Expert Testimony • Counterargument • Repetition

  9. Textual Evidence • Use direct examples and/or quotes from a text • Correctly cite source: MLA Format for English, Social Studies, Humanities APA Format for Sciences, Math EX: Fitzgerald tells readers that many people arrived at Gatsby's parties without an invitation, bringing with them only "a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission" (41).

  10. Authoritative Quotations • Use a source with credibility. • Ex: According to a Consumer Report article on May 29th…

  11. Facts and Statistics • Use specific facts and VERIFIABLE statistics. • Ex: The earth is polluted. • Ex: Approximately one-fourth of the town’s citizens…

  12. Definitions • Explain unfamiliar words or content area terms. • Ex: A derivative, a word created by using a word part, is frequently used to teach those learning new words.

  13. Witness Statements • Used when someone has seen an action occur. • Ex: The observer stated that he actually saw the lady…

  14. Expert Testimony • Find an expert in the field and explain their support. • Ex: Dr. Robert Marzano researched the factors that impact vocabulary retention.

  15. Counterargument • Recognize the “other side” of your argument. • Ex: • I realize most… • However… • On the other hand…

  16. Repetition • Use for a convincing effect – not to fill space. • Usually in famous speeches. • Ex: I have a dream… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAMLOnSNwzA

  17. Writing the Essay: Step 1Midterm Prompt 1: Write an essay in which you argue the morality of one of the characters in Jane Eyre. Be sure to include moral or immoral actions he or she commits that support your argument. Make a claim about Jane Eyre’s morality. To brainstorm for your claim, create a CIRCLE MAP exploring support for your ideas (if she is moral or not). • In your FRAME OF REFERENCE, consider your PAC. • Complete the SO WHAT/SO WHY piece of your FRAME OF REFERENCE. • The SO WHAT becomes your thesis, and the SO WHY becomes part of your conclusion.

  18. PAC Refresher • Purpose: Why am I writing? To… (explain, give the reason why, persuade, inform, describe, compare, etc.) • Audience: To whom am I writing? (this will influence the word choice, sentence structure, and content) • Context/Occasion (Task): Where am I? In what social, historical, or cultural situation? What are the circumstances? In what format should I write (essay, letter, speech, editorial, article, etc.)?

  19. Writing the Essay: Step 1Midterm Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue the morality of one of the characters in Jane Eyre. Be sure to include moral or immoral actions he or she commits that support your argument. SO WHAT PURPOSE Audience Context SO WHY Reason Reason Reason _________ is moral or immoral Reason Reason Reason Reason

  20. Writing the Essay: Step 2Practice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue the morality of one of the characters in Jane Eyre. Be sure to include moral or immoral actions he or she commits that support your argument. Support the claim with relevant and sufficient evidence. Create a TREE MAP in which you organize the ideas from your CIRCLE MAP. Include TEXTUAL SUPPORT in your map. Include COUNTERARGUMENTS that may arise in your map.

  21. Writing the Essay: Step 2Practice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue the morality of one of the characters in Jane Eyre. Be sure to include moral or immoral actions he or she commits that support your argument. Character Reason 2 Reason 1 Reason 3 Evidence Evidence Evidence Textual support Textual support Textual support Evidence Evidence Evidence Textual support Textual support Textual support Counterargument Counterargument Counterargument Textual support Textual support Textual support

  22. Writing the Essay: Step 3Practice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue whether or not high school graduates should take a year off before entering college. Tie it all together with valid reasoning. Warrant evidence with commentary that explains how the evidence proves the claim. Create a FLEE MAP in which you organize your ideas and your evidence in order of least importance to most importance. This map is where you will also give your WARRANT (commentary).

  23. Writing the Essay: Step 3Practice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue the morality of one of the characters in Jane Eyre. Be sure to include moral or immoral actions he or she commits that support your argument. Idea 1: Idea 2: Idea 3: E E E W W W E E E W W W C C C

  24. Writing the Essay: Step 3AThe One Paragraph EssayPractice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue whether or not high school graduates should take a year off before entering college. Optional Evidence 3 Evidence 2 Evidence 1 Warrant Warrant Warrant Counterargument Counterargument Counterargument

  25. Writing the Essay: Step 4Practice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue whether or not high school graduates should take a year off before entering college. Write your introduction, referring back to your original CIRCLE MAP for your SO WHAT (thesis). Write your conclusion, referring back to your original CIRCLE MAP for your SO WHY.

  26. Writing the Essay: Step 4Practice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue whether or not high school graduates should take a year off before entering college. introduction Idea 1: Least Important Textual support Idea 2: Middle Importance Idea 3: Most Important Evidence 1 Evidence 1 Evidence 1 Textual support Textual support Warrant Warrant Warrant Textual support Evidence 2 Evidence 2 Textual support Evidence 2 Textual support Warrant Warrant Warrant Textual support Counterargument Counterargument Counterargument Textual support Textual support Conclusion

  27. Writing the Essay: Step 4AThe One Paragraph EssayPractice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue whether or not high school graduates should take a year off before entering college. Claim Optional Evidence 3 Evidence 2 Evidence 1 Textual support Warrant Warrant Warrant Textual support Textual support Counterargument Counterargument Counterargument Textual support Textual support Textual support Red Bow Conclusion

  28. Writing the Essay: Step 5Practice Prompt: Write an essay in which you argue whether or not high school graduates should take a year off before entering college. Now you have completely mapped out your essay and you have all of the information you need to write your essays. The next step is to devise paragraphs consistent with the information included on the FLEE MAP.

  29. English Argument • In English language arts, students make claims about the worth or meaning of a literary work or works. They defend their interpretations or judgments with evidence from the text(s) they are writing about. • “This is What it Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona” has three different settings. Write an essay in which you identify the setting that has the strongest effect on the plot, citing specific evidence from the text to back your claims. • Read “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” Complete a TREE MAP in which you categorize the pathos (emotional language), logos (factual evidence), and ethos (believability) that Edwards uses in his sermon. Then write an essay in which you explain which of the three factors Edwards uses most effectively in his sermon. Use specific textual evidence to support your argument.

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