The Importance of Energy Independence

2. The Importance of Energy Independence • World oil reserves • U.S. owns 2-3% • U.S. uses 25%

3. Rising petroleum prices • Volatility of petroleum market • Emissions and air quality • Environment • Health • Energy Independence

4. About the U.S. DOE Clean Cities Program • Advance U.S. • Economic security • Environmental security • Energy security • Support local petroleum reduction • U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Program • 90 volunteer coalitions

5. Promotion of • Advanced technology vehicles • Fuel blends • Fuel economy • Hybrid vehicles • Idle reduction • Coalition activities • Stimulate local economies • Facilitate adoption of new transportation technologies • Make communities cleaner, healthier places to live

6. Figure 1: Clean Cities coalition locations. Source: DOE.

7. National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium (NAFTC) • Programs to reduce dependence on oil • Only nationwide alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicle training organization in U.S. • Provides training infrastructure • Increase nation’s energy security, lessen dependence on petroleum, improve air quality • Network of National Training Centers (NTCs) • Clean Cities Learning Program (CCLP)

8. Reducing Petroleum Consumption • Petroleum = most consumed energy source in U.S. • About half of petroleum used is imported • U.S. spends • $5.7 billion per week on petroleum imports • $297 billion per year on petroleum imports

9. Figure 2: Primary energy consumption by major source, 1949, 2010. Source: EIA Annual Energy Review 2011.

10. Figure 3: End-use shares of total energy consumption, 2010. Source: EIA Annual Energy Review 2011.

11. Figure 4: Primary energy consumption by source and sector, 2010. Source: EIA Annual Energy Review 2011.

12. Reducing Emissions • Air quality/human health • Increased “green” job opportunities • Economic growth possibilities

13. Figure 5: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2004. Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change 4th Assessment.

14. Figure 6: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2004. Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change 4th Assessment.

15. Figure 7: Major regulated tailpipe emissions. Source: NAFTC.

16. The Need for Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles • Federal Requirements • CAFE • Seeks to raise fuel economy standards • Started during 1973 Oil Embargo • Energy Policy Act of 1992 • Reduce U.S. dependence on foreign petroleum • Improve air quality • Use of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles • DOE Clean Cities Program • Federal, state agencies

17. Figure 8: CAFE fuel economy standards for passenger cars. Source: NHTSA.

18. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 defines alternative fuels as, • “…methanol, ethanol, and other alcohols; blends of 85% or more alcohol with gasoline (E85); natural gas and liquid fuels domestically produced from natural gas; liquefied petroleum gas (propane); hydrogen; electricity; biodiesel (B100); coal-derived liquid fuels; fuels other than alcohol, derived from biological materials; P-Series fuels (added to the definition in 1999).”

19. Energy Policy Act of 1992 was amended by • The Energy Conservation Reauthorization Act of 1998 • The Energy Policy Act of 2005 • The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 • The National Defense Authorization Act of 2008 • Executive Orders 13149, 13423, and 13514 • Added provisions for new technologies • Added requirements for federal fleets

20. State and Local Requirements • State requirements for fleets • Differing local regulations • Regulations depend upon state, county, municipality, city

21. Consumer Acceptance • Vehicle support groups: • Current and prospective users • Vehicle and component manufacturers • Fuels industry representatives • Government officials • Automotive service technicians • Groups must be informed • Education, outreach, training

22. Reduced petroleum consumption • Commonality of vehicles • Familiarity with fuels and technologies Figure 9: Toyota Prius, the first modern hybrid electric vehicle commonly found on today’s roadways. Source: Toyota.

23. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that, in the near future, alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles will comprise more than 20% of the light-duty vehicles in the United States.

24. Consumer Demand • Factors peaking consumer interest: • Higher conventional fuel costs • More vehicle options • Improved technology and reliability • Increased concern for the environment • Combination of technologies • New vehicle applications

25. Increase in AFVs on the road • By 2015, HEVs = 7% of U.S. vehicle market • OEM alternative fuel applications • Alternative fuel conversions • Adaptations to changing market demands

26. Figure 10: Alternative fuel vehicles in use (1995-2009). Source: AFDC. Note: The graph does not include concept or demonstration vehicles.

27. Summary • Rising fuel prices create demand, wider availability • Lower EPA emissions regulations, increased CAFE standards • Consumers must accept new technologies • Benefits to health, environment, economy, energy security