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Read and answer questions (in your brain) from pages 596-597.

Read and answer questions (in your brain) from pages 596-597. Pick up page 1 of the “Falcon Family Murder”. Fill in the pedigree symbols on the back of this sheet from the legend on page 605 of your text. THE CASE OF THE. FALCON FAMILY MURDER.

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Read and answer questions (in your brain) from pages 596-597.

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  1. Read and answer questions (in your brain) from pages 596-597. Pick up page 1 of the “Falcon Family Murder”. Fill in the pedigree symbols on the back of this sheet from the legend on page 605 of your text.

  2. THE CASE OF THE FALCON FAMILY MURDER

  3. What follows is an account of the famous Falcon Family Murder. The case remained unsolved for over 20 years but, finally, there was enough evidence to convict a killer. As you go through each stage of the investigation you will learn the science you need to narrow down the suspects and find the killer.

  4. OBJECTIVES: STUDENTS WILL… • CONSTRUCT AN ACCURATE PEDIGREE CHART FOR THE FALCON FAMILY • LEARN ABOUT GENE INTERACTIONS • DETERMINE ANY GENOTYPES POSSIBLE FOR THE TRAITS OF BLOOD TYPE AND FOOT SHAPE. • USE THE EVIDENCE FROM THE MURDER TO MAKE A PRELIMINARY LIST OF SUSPECTS. • PRODUCE A KARYOTYPE FROM THE EVIDENCE TO ELIMINATE SUSPECTS. • CONSTRUCT A DNA FINGERPRINT FOR THE EVIDENCE AND CERTAIN FAMILY MEMBERS THEN INTERPRET IT TO NARROW DOWN POTENTIAL SUSPECTS. • TRANSCRIBE AND TRANSLATE A GENE TO FIND THE KILLER’S PHENOTYPE AND ELIMINATE ALL BUT ONE SUSPECT.

  5. Grampa Jim Falcon and Gramma Trudy Falcon had five kids. A daughter, Jayni who married Scott and had three brown eyed sons: Jason, Greg, and Dave. Jayni had a kid sister, Kerri-Ann, who married Myles. These two had two sons, Ray and Roy, a daughter, Cynthia, and another son, Dean (all four had blue eyes). Dean married Audra at a very young age and had a precocious daughter, Bonnie. Jim and Trudy also had a pair of identical twin boys, Bobby and Denny. Denny married Nina and they had four children: blue eyed Lori, blue eyed Carol (who was born with Down Syndrome), brown eyed Jo-Anne, and blue eyed Larry. Jim and Trudy’s youngest was a son, Virgil, who married Jody and were blessed with three charming, blue eyed daughters: Lynne, Lynda, and Karissa. CONSTRUCT THE PEDIGREE CHART FOR THIS FAMILY.

  6. A. CONSTRUCT A PEDIGREE CHART A pedigree chart is like a family tree. It shows the generations of parents and offspring, matings, and sexes of individuals. It can be used to predict genetic possibilities for certain traits. In biological pedigrees, certain symbols are used to designate certain things...

  7. WHAT is a PEDIGREE??

  8. PEDIGREE PRACTICE • Do the pedigree chart case study (WITHOUT GENETICS!!) (JUST circles, squares, lines, and numbers.) • Check with teacher. • Do Falcon Family Pedigree.

  9. PEDIGREE CASE STUDY I II III IV LINE A LINE B 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5

  10. B. FILL IN GENOTYPES Grampa Jim and Gramma Trudy were set in their ways and did not believe in doctors or modern medicine. Consequently, they were never tested to see what type of blood they had. Before having their kids, Jayni was tested, however, and was found to be AB+. Kerri-Ann was tested and found to be A-. Virgil was B- and Bobby was also B-. Denny was as ornery as his old man and always refused to be tested. Scott was found to be O+, as was Jody, and Nina. Ray was O+, his sister-in-law Audra was A-, and her daughter, precious little Bonnie, was AB+. WHAT CAN WE TELL ABOUT THE GENETICS OF THE FAMILY??

  11. GENETICS HEREDITY - passing of traits from parents to offspring GENES - pieces of DNA in chromosomes which instruct the cell how to produce certain proteins.

  12. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) •didn’t know about genes but worked with pea plants. •Peas are good to work with because: 1) easy (fast, cheap) to grow 2) many offspring from one cross 3) easy to cross (self or cross pollinate) 4) they have many different characteristics with only two combinations (ex. green vs. yellow, tall vs. short) •Mendel crossed pea plants and carefully studied what happened to the various traits through the generations.

  13. What did Mendel see? When crosses are done, the generations are given the following designations: •P = Parental; F1 = First Filial generation; F2 = 2nd Filial gen. etc. When Mendel crossed Tall plants with Tall plants, the F1 were all TALL When he crossed short plants with short plants, the F1 were all SHORT x = x =

  14. What did Mendel see? When he crossed Tall plants with short plants, the F1 were ALL TALL = x

  15. What did Mendel think? Mendel determined that traits were controlled by factors (genes) and some factors were DOMINANT to others (the effects were seen for one even in the presence of another). Traits not expressed are RECESSIVE. TALL is DOMINANT to short because it is seen in the F1 and the short trait “disappears” NOTE: DOMINANT does NOT mean “BETTER” or even “MORE COMMON”. In some organisms, short may even be dominant to tall. Type O blood is recessive to type AB blood but is more common.

  16. What did Mendel think? The dominant gene is sometimes named by using a CAPITAL letter and the recessive gene uses the same letter in lower case (ex. Tall=T, short=t) Different forms of the gene are called ALLELES.

  17. What did Mendel see? Mendel then crossed the Tall F1 plants with one another (or self pollinated them). What do you think he saw in the F2? 75% Tall : 25% short x =

  18. What did Mendel think? In a plant, there are two copies of every gene for each trait. To show the Dominant trait, the plant only needed to have ONE copy of the dominant allele (T) but to show the recessive trait BOTH copies had to be recessive (tt). The “purebred” tall plants of the P generation would have been TT. All the short plants would be tt. When both alleles are the same, they are HOMOZYGOUS. When a tall (TT) was crossed with a short (tt) the resulting F1 would ALL have been Tt and were ALL tall. They were HETEROZYGOUS (also called HYBRIDS).

  19. What did Mendel think? When an organism makes sex cells, the two genes for a trait separate or SEGREGATE (during meiosis I). Because of this, a hybrid tall plant (Tt) could pass on either a T allele OR a t allele to its offspring. T Tall TT Tt Tt Tall t Tt Tall T Tt tt Short t

  20. What did Mendel think? The gene compliment an organism has is called its GENOTYPE (TT, Tt, or tt) The physical expression of the genes (how it “looks”) is called its PHENOTYPE (Tall, short) GENOTYPIC OR PHENOTYPIC RATIOS – How many of each genotype and phenotype there are. MONOHYBRID CROSS - crossing one gene pair of contrasting traits (tall x short; green x yellow) On page 600, Answer #1-3 verbally to a partner then answer #4-5 in your notebook.

  21. On page 600, Answer #1-3 verbally to a partner then answer #4-5 in your notebook.

  22. QUESTIONS – PG 600, #4-5 4 a). What is the difference in genotypes between a homozygous black dog and a heterozygous black dog? Homozygous black = BB Heterozygous black = Bb 4 b). COULD THE HETEROZYGOUS BLACK DOG HAVE THE SAME GENOTYPE AS THE YELLOW DOG? NO. THE YELLOW DOG (RECESSIVE PHENOTYPE) MUST HAVE A GENOTYPE OF bbWHERAS THE HETEROZYGOUS DOG HAS A GENOTYPE OF Bb.

  23. QUESTIONS – PG 600, #4-5 • 5. Heterozygous ROUND crossed with WRINKLED • GENOTYPE OF PARENTS: • ROUND: Rr WRINKLED: rr • b) GAMETES PRODUCED from round: • RANDr • c) GAMETES PRODUCED from wrinkled: • rANDr • d) Possible genotypes and phenotypes of F1: • Rr (Round) and rr (wrinkled)

  24. Solving Problems Genetics problems often involve determining probabilities of certain crosses producing various results. These predictions can be done 1) Mathematically 2) Using a Punnett Square 1) Mathematically – Genetics involves determining the mathematical probability (P) of something happening. P = number of ways that a given outcome can occur total number of possible outcomes Ex) flipping heads on a coin = ONE head/TWO possibilities P = 1/2

  25. Solving Problems PRODUCT RULE: the probability of more than one event occuring simultaneously is equal to the probability of each event multiplied together. ex) The probability of rolling snake eyes on two dice is… 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36 The probability of a boy picking a pair of kings on Tuesday… ½ x 1/13 x 1/17 x 1/7 = 1/3094

  26. Solving Problems DO THE PROBABILITY ACTIVITY WITH A PARTNER. YOU NEED: • ONE SHEET PER PAIR • TWO COINS PER PAIR

  27. Solving Problems Genetics problems often involve determining probabilities of certain crosses producing various results. These predictions can be done 1) Mathematically 2) Using a Punnett Square 2)PUNNETT SQUARE - a geneticist’s chart to map crosses. Made by putting the possible gametes from one parent across the top and the possible gametes from the other parent down the left side and charting the resulting, possible zygotes.

  28. wrinkled round Sample exercise 1, pg. 601 A breeder crosses a wrinkled (r) seed plant with a round (R) seed plant. The round seed is heterozygous. Determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios for this cross. What are the genotypes of the parents? Gametes from wrinkled on top… R Gametes from round on left… r r r Fill in the resulting genotypes… RATIOS: GENOTYPES: 1:1 Rr:rr PHENOTYPES: 1:1 ROUND:WRINKLED Rr Rr rr rr

  29. PUNNETT SQUARES • Mendel crossed pure breeding tall plants with short plants (pure breeding = ____________ ) • DRAW THE PUNNETT SQUARE FOR THIS CROSS. • He then crossed two of the F1. • DRAW THE PUNNETT SQUARE FOR THIS CROSS.

  30. TEST CROSS In sheep, white wool is much nicer than black (black sheep of the family = bad) and is dominant. WHITE = W; BLACK = w Imagine you were given a white ewe and wanted to go into sheep farming. How could you test to see if a white ewe was pure bred (homozygous dominant) or hybrid (heterozygous)?

  31. w w w w TEST CROSS What is the genotype of a black sheep? ww What is the genotype of the white ewe? WW OR Ww What would the F1 look like in either cross if the white was crossed with a black? WW x ww Ww x ww W W W w Ww Ww Ww ww Ww Ww Ww ww ALL WHITE ½ WHITE: ½ BLACK So the only way an offspring can be black is if the ewe wasHETEROZYGOUS.

  32. TEST CROSS This is called a TEST CROSS. When an individual showing the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype is crossed with an individual who shows the recessive phenotype (thus the homozygous recessive genotype). If any offspring show the recessive trait, the unknown is HETEROZYGOUS. If all the offspring show the dominant trait (and sufficient numbers of offspring are born to be reliable) the unknown is probablyHOMOZYGOUSdominant.

  33. P. 603 A horticulture worker has seeds from a particular cross, but has no information about the genotype or the phenotype of the parents. He plants and grows the offspring, and records the traits of each offspring (Table 1). What was the genotype and phenotype of the parent plants? POSSIBLE GENOTYPES? RR or Rr rr POSSIBLE PARENT GENOTYPES? Rr x rr Rr x Rr 1:1 Could either be RR? NO – all F1 round 3:1 Could both be rr? NO – all F1 wrinkle

  34. READ QUESTIONS 3 AND 4 ON PAGE 604 (TOP). BE PREPARED TO ANSWER THEM IN 5 MINUTES. DO QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 AT THE BOTTOM OF PAGE 604 IN YOUR BOOKS.

  35. S s SS Ss S Ss ss s REVIEW – PG 604, #1a-b 1. DALMATIONS: SPOTTED (S); NON-SPOT (s) a) CROSS OF TWO HETEROZYGOTES GENOTYPES: 1:2:1 SS:Ss:ss PHENOTYPES: 3:1 SPOT:NON-SPOT b) SPOTTED (S __ ) x UNKNOWN ( __ __ ) => F1 = 3 SPOT (S __ ); 3 NON-SPOT (ss) PHENOTYPE OF UNKNOWN? FATHER DEFINITELY GAVE s (TO NON-SPOTS)(AS DID MOTHER. IF DAD Ss, F1 = 3:1 SPOT:NON-SPOT. IF DAD ss, F1 = 2:2 SPOT:NON-SPOT.

  36. REVIEW – PG 604, #2 2. HAIRLESS (H) AND HAIRY (h). F1 = 6 HAIRLESS; 2 HAIRY . WHAT ARE PARENTS? EACH OF THE HAIRY PUPS HAVE A GENOTYPE OF hh. THERFORE, EACH PARENT DONATED AN h ALLELE. THE HAIRLESS PUPS HAVE TO HAVE AT LEAST ONE H ALLELE SO AT LEAST ONE PARENT HAS TO HAVE GIVEN AN H. ONE PARENT IS Hh. IF THE OTHER PARENT IS hh, WE WOULD EXPECT THE RATIO OF HAIRLESS:HAIRY IN F1 TO BE 1:1. IF THE OTHER PARENT IS Hh, WE WOULD EXPECT THE RATIO OF HAIRLESS:HAIRY IN F1 TO BE 3:1

  37. MULTIPLE ALLELES Mendel was lucky to study peas which had only two alleles for each trait (T or t; Y or y; R or r) Most traits have more than two possible alleles. Ex. Fruit flies (drosophila melanogaster) have many different possible eye colours. The wild type is red but there are also apricot, honey, and white eyes. At any time, one fly can only have 2 eye colour genes. Red is dominant to apricot, dominant to honey, dominant to white.

  38. MULTIPLE ALLELES CAPITAL LETTERS AND LOWER CASE DON’T WORK NOW. INSTEAD, A LETTER REPRESENTING “EYE COLOUR” IS USED WITH A SUPERSCRIPT NUMBER FOR EACH ALLELE: E1 = WILD (RED) EYE ALLELE DOMINANT TO E2 = APRICOT EYE ALLELE DOMINANT TO E3 = HONEY EYE ALLELE DOMINANT TO E4 = WHITE EYE ALLELE

  39. MULTIPLE ALLELES WHAT GENOTYPES COULD A WILD TYPE HAVE? E1E1, E1E2,E1E3, E1E4 WHAT GENOTYPES COULD A APRICOT TYPE HAVE? E2E2,E2E3, E2E4 WHAT GENOTYPES COULD A HONEY TYPE HAVE? E3E3, E3E4 WHAT GENOTYPES COULD A WHITE TYPE HAVE? E4E4

  40. E2 E3 MULTIPLE ALLELES(P. 609, Sample 1) A CROSS IS MADE OF A E1E4 AND A E2E3. WHAT ARE THE PHENOTYPES OF THE PARENTS? WILD TYPE AND APRICOT WHAT WOULD BE THE GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES OF THE F1? RATIOS: E1 E4 GENOTYPES: 1:1:1:1 PHENOTYPES: 2:1:1 WILD: APRICOT: HONEY E1E2 E2E4 E1E3 E3E4

  41. E1 E2 E1E2 E2E2 E2 E1E4 E2E4 E4 DO PRACTICE #1, PG. 609 ANSWER: E1E2 x E2E4 RATIOS: GENOTYPES: 1:1:1:1 PHENOTYPES: 1:1 WILD: APRICOT

  42. MULTIPLE ALLELES – blood type as an example There are 4 possible phenotypes for the ABO blood system: type A, B, , AB, and O There are 3 possible alleles for blood type IA IBi ... IAandIB are codominant and i is recessive to them both.

  43. MULTIPLE ALLELES – blood type as an example • In 1944 Charlie Chaplin, the legendary comedian was involved a legal battle over the paternity of a child born to Joan Barry, an upcoming Hollywood star. Chaplin had described Miss Barry as “a big handsome woman of 22, well built and made alluring by her low decollete dress.”

  44. The baby was blood type B, Joan Barry was type A, and Chaplin was type O. From what you know of blood type inheritance could Chaplin possibly have been the father?? Show the baby’s and parents possible genotypes to help explain your answer! Guess what – blood type data were not admissible evidence in California at the time of the trial, and since it was the ONLY evidence the Charlie was not the father the court deemed it had no alternative but to declare him responsible for the child support!

  45. CR CW INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Mendel also never had a blending of traits. Ie. TALL x SHORT did not give medium. But this “blending” happens often in nature. When two alleles are equally dominant, they can interact to produce a new phenotype. This is called INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE. EX. RED (CRCR) SNAPDRAGONS x WHITE (CWCW)= PINK (CRCW) WHAT WOULD PINK x PINK GIVE? CRCW x CRCW RATIOS: CR CW GENOTYPES: 1:2:1 PHENOTYPES: 1:2:1 RED: PINK: WHITE CRCR CRCW CRCW CWCW

  46. Hr Hw CODOMINANCE(P. 610) This is a type of incomplete dominance where both traits are seen at the same time. EX. SHORTHORN CATTLE. RED BULL (HrHr) x WHITE COW (HwHw) = ROAN CALF (HrHw) A ROAN HAS BOTH RED AND WHITE HAIRS X WHAT WOULD ROAN x ROAN GIVE? HrHw x HrHw Hr Hw RATIOS: GENOTYPES: 1:2:1 PHENOTYPES: 1:2:1 RED: ROAN: WHITE HrHr HrHw HrHw HwHw

  47. MURDER MYSTERY PG 611- GENETICS PROBLEMS SHEET- HOODED MURDER- MORE GENETICS PROBLEMS SHEET

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