Urbanization is one of the most evident global land use land cover change.

1. Urbanization and Loss of Ecology with Special Reference to Water Bodies and Marshy Areas Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques (A Case study of Srinagar city, J & K, India) By ARSHAD AMIN Research Scholar Department of Geography Aligarh Muslim University

2. Urbanization is one of the most evident global land use land cover change. • During the last 200 years • World population increased 6 times. • Urban population increased over 100 times. • Presently 50% world population lives in urban areas. • This growth is rapid in developing nations.

3. Urban Population Scenario of Indian • 1951 (62.5 million). • 2001 (285 million) an increase of over 350 percent. • Projected population by the year 2021 (533 million).

4. Urban population growth leads to: • Urban expansion. • Land use/Land cover Transformation. • Urban expansion leads to : • Loss of Wet lands. • Loss of Forest area. • Loss of Fertile Agricultural land . • Increase of impervious surface.

5. Land transformation is the most important fields of humaninduced environmental transformation which has taken many forms historically starting with fire management, herding practices, the development of agriculture, and culminating with urbanization including industrial development.

6. Srinagar city (Summer Capital of J&K) • General elevation : 1580 m above m.s.l. • Population in: • 1951 - (255679) • 2001 – (952324) • Primacy of the city: • Population of Anantnag 1951 - (98720) • Population of Srinagar city 1951 – (255679) • Srinagar city is garlanded with River Jhelum and numerous lakes: Dal Lake, Nigeen Lake, Brari Nambal, Khushalsar and wet lands

7. OUTLINE SHOWING SRINAGAR CITY JAMMU & KASHMIR 74o57’27’’ 74o41’06’’ 34o12’37’’ 34o12’37’’ 33o59’14’’ 33o59’14’’ 74o41’06’’ 74o57’27’’ Map Showing the Study Area

8. Town planning map (1971) IRS-1D LISS III October 2008 IRS-1D PAN October 2008 Pre- Processing of data sets, Radiometric & Geometric correction Study area extraction Georefferencing Data merging (LISS-III + PAN) Study area extraction Field check for visual interpretation Visual Interpretation Visual onscreen digitization Image/map classification Statistical charting Land use/ land cover map of 1971 & 2008 of Srinagar city Land Transformation map of Srinagar city Flowchart Showing the Methodology Used

9. Synoptic view of Srinagar city using IRS-1D LISS III + PAN 2008 merged satellite imagery

10. GANDERBAL ROAD BUDGAM ROAD DACHIGAM ROAD CITY BYPASS ROAD ROAD TO PULWAMA ROAD TO PULWAMA

11. GANDERBAL ROAD BUDGAM ROAD DACHIGAM ROAD CITY BYPASS ROAD ROAD TO PULWAMA ROAD TO PULWAMA

12. Table Showing Land use Land Cover of Srinagar city

14. Results and Discussions • Major Increases from 1971 – 2008 • (Area in Hectares): • Built up:2556.9 to 6623.5 (159%). • Urban : 2410.5 to 6224.5 (158%). • Residential : 1220.5 to 4250 (258 %). • Commercial : 143.5 to 268.5 (87%). • Industrial : 136 hectares (150%). • Major Decreases: • Non-built : 20890to 16823 (-19.46 %).

15. GANDERBAL ROAD BUDGAM ROAD DACHIGAM ROAD CITY BYPASS ROAD ROAD TO PULWAMA ROAD TO PULWAMA

16. Table showing Land Transformation of Srinagar city (2008)

17. Urban land transformation and its impact on water bodies of Srinagar city • The main thrust area of this research work is to assess the impact of urban expansion on Water bodies and Marshy areas of Srinagar city which are most important ecologically and also social, economic and cultural existence of the city depends on them. • The present study reveals that the expansion of Srinagar city and land transformation has severely affected the aerial extent of water bodies as well as the quality of water.

18. It was found they have decreased by about 1450 hectares during 37 years study period. • Where: • Water bodies - 250.5 hectares. • Marshy areas - 1198.5 hectares.

19. RIVER JHELUM BUD DAL NIGEEN LAKE KHUSHALSAR MARSH HAZRATBAL BASIN LOKUT DAL GAGRIBAL BEMINA WEST KHANYAR RAINAWARI BARBAR SHAH RAKH-I-GANDAKSHSH MARSH BRARI NAMBAL KHUMANI CHOWK LAL CHOWK (CBD) Location of Water bodies and Marshy areas of Srinagar city

21. Table showing the Nature of Transformation of Water bodies and Marshy areas

22. Contd…

23. Table showing Transformation of Water bodies and Marshy Areas in Srinagar city

24. Impacts of urban expansion on Water bodies and Marshy areas of Srinagar city • Settlements around Water bodies. • House boats in Water bodies. • Agricultural activities in and around water bodies. • Rise in the influx of nutrients. • Growth of weeds in water bodies. • Shrinking of water bodies. • Local climatic change. • Occurrence of floods and water logging.

25. Settlements around Water bodies • Dal Lake sheltering about 50 hamlets with a population of over 50,000 people, who have property rights over 300 hectares (6,000 kanals) of agricultural land and 670 hectares (13,400 kanals) of water area.

26. House boats in Water bodies • Dal Lake is the Prime victim of Urban expansion in Srinagar city • Presently there are more than 1200 house boats inside the Dal Lake • Increased pollution because • Increasing number of lake dwellers. • Floating gardens. • Entry of untreated sewage. • Solid waste from the peripheral areas and from the hamlets and house boats. • Agricultural return flow from catchment into the lake.

27. A Panoramic View of Houseboats inside the Dal Lake

28. Agricultural activities in and around water bodies • About 90 percent of the Dal dwellers have a very poor socio-economic base and they churn out their modest income from agricultural activities, mat weaving, tourist related activities like paddling Shikaras and deweeding of weeds.

29. Floating gardens inside Dal Lake Transformation of Water body to Marshy

30. Rise in the influx of nutrients • 15major drains get emptied into the lake waters which are charged with nutrients and every year carry about 18.17 tons of phosphorous and 25 tons of inorganic nitrogen. Table showing Changes in water chemistry of Dal Lake over the last few decades

31. Growth of weeds in water bodies • Recent grown up weed Azolla Pinnata has converted the water into dense marsh because of various nitrogen and phosphorous effluents from houses, hotels, restaurants and the house boats, which act as the fertilizer to these weeds.

32. Weeds inside the Dal Lake

33. Shrinking of water bodies Present study: • Dal Lake waters decreased by 233 hectares. • Nigeen Lake waters decreased by 7 hectares. • Brari Nambal decreased by 7 hectares. Other Studies: • During the last century more than 50 percent of the water bodies have been lost in the suburbs of Srinagar city.

34. Transformation of Water body to Residential Vegetable gardens inside Brari Nambal Water body

35. Local climatic change • Modified the microclimate of the city. • On July 15, 1973, the highest temperature ever recorded in Srinagar city was 35.5 degrees Celsius and on July 7, 2006, it was recorded at 39.5 degree Celsius.

36. Occurrence of floods and water logging • These marshy areas and water bodies used to act as the sponges during the floods. • Now it happens that if it rains continuously for two to three days, the city is threatened with the floods.

37. Suggestions • Firm implementation of 2003 Blanket ban restriction of state high court ruling. • Influx of nutrients should be checked. • Deweeding and dredging should be carried out in the affected water bodies. • Sewage Treatment plants (STP) should be fully implemented. • Relocation of Dal dwellers. • Environmental awareness programmes among people.

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