Strengthening Public Participation in Coastal Development Decision-Making

1. Strengthening publicparticipation in decision-making process for balancing coastal development and environmental revitalization in Korea 2007 IAIA 4-8 June COEX, Seoul, Korea Jungho Nam, Wonkeun Chang, and Jisun Lee

2. Let’s speculate Which should be put into decision making process? What is genuine participation??

3. Contents • Brief History of Environment Management • Major features of the Masan Bay • Challenges for Public Participation • New Challenge – Sharing responsibilities

4. Brief History of Coastal Environment Management • National Level Ecosystem-based approach Better Oceans,Better World,Better Future Watershed-based approach • TPLMS introduction in coastal areas • No net loss of natural coastline • Ecosystem protection Formulation of Institutions • TPLMS introduction in river basins • Coastal & marine protected areas • CEMAs • -Coastal watershed management Emergence of New Concepts • MOMAF • Introduction of ICM • New laws & Policies • Investment expansion • Int’l cooperation Episodic Management • MOE • Agenda 21 Ch. 17 • Survey & Research • Red tides, Oil spills • Wetlands loss 1992 1996 2001 2006 Front-of-Pipe End-of-Pipe Approach (modified from Nam and Kang, 2003)

5. Brief History of Coastal Environment Management (2/3) • Local Level – Masan Bay USD 500 million until 2004 USD 400 mil. to be invested from 2005 2000~ Watershed-based&integratedapproaches 1984~1999 Implementationof Management Measures • SMA extended to cover coastal land • Coastal Environment Management Plan • Introduction of TPLMS • Conflicts from new institution 1970s~1983 Perception ofcoastalenvironmentdegradation • Treatment facility construction • Polluted sediments dredging • Monitoring and surveys • Increased public awareness • Beach Closure • Prohibition of Shellfish gathering • Large-scale red-tide  Special Management Area desig. (modified from Nam and Kang, 2003)

6. Brief History of Coastal Environment Management (3/3)

7. Major Features of Masan Bay • Watershed : 48% of total area of three cities • Watershed population : 90% of total population of three cities • Population density : 2,682/km2 • Rate of population increase: 1.08%/yr • Geographic features Masan-bay SMA Changwon wharf Dumping site wharf Masan New port Pollution Mgt. Area Chinhae Treatment facility Pollution Vigilance Area SMA area • Length: 8.5km • Width: 1.5km • Average depth: 10~15m (MOMAF, 1998) Watershed

8. Major Features of Masan Bay (2/5) • Environmental Issues • Increase of red tide events • The first red-tide event in Korea • Very low Dissolved Oxygen concentration • Anoxia in bottom layer: dissolved oxygen < 1mg/L (semi-dead zone) • Pollutant loads exceeding environmental carrying capacity • High biomass of Capitella capitta (pollution indicator species) • Harzadrous material pollution, esp. outlet of treated waste waters • High concentration of heavy metals, PAHs, PCBs, TBT etc. imposex • Coastal reclamation and development projects • Reduction of coastal water area by reclamation : 19.5km2 (’64)  11.5 km2 (’12)  reduction of environmental carrying capacity • Development planned : 12 reclamation and 30 coastal development projects

9. Major Features of Masan Bay (3/5) 1967 1975 2000 • Reclamation

10. Major Features of Masan Bay (4/5) • Managerial Issues • Coastal planning without considering environmental carrying capacity • 42 coastal development projects, Conflict between Masan city, MOMAF, and local NGOs, on a dumping site for dredged material • Weak integrated management system  Management Council(2005) • Lack of comprehensive approach to various pollution sources and input pathways • Lack of coordination between economic vision and environment management goals • Lack of systematic strategic action plan  Coastal Env. Mgt. Plan(2004) • Implementation of environment management measures without priority, shared vision and goals, and social consensus ex) Limited effect of dredging without effective control of land-based pollution sources • No integrated and partnership-based management entity  Community Advisory Council (2005) • Coastal Environment Management Plan of the Masna-bay SMA established through cooperation among related ministries and local governments • But, no integrated management entity with participatory planning and implementation mechanisms yet

11. Major Features of Masan Bay (5/5) • Pilot Site for NPA Implementation • Outputs & Outcomes • Management plan, Management council, Community Advisory Council, Scientific Advisory Council, strengthened researches and monitoring etc • Genuine Progress in achieving sustainable development? • Reason for designating National Pilot Site for NPA • Raised public awareness, various citizens activities, governor’s willingness to improve water, abundant data and information, typical environmental issues (magnification) etc • Marine ECHO (2006~2010) • Investment of 6.8 billion USD • Ecosystem protection & restoration • Pollution prevention from land and marine activities • Policy infrastructure enhancement

12. Challenges for the Public Participation • For your understanding • Socio-political issues • Economic development and democracy (~ the early 90s) : military junta • Diversification : democracy, welfare, environment, human rights of minority (~the late 90s) • Sustainable quality of life (present) • Environmental Issues • Drinking water (~ the mid 1990s) : river basins [land-oriented] • Coastal waters (~ the late 1990s) : heavily polluted area, red-tides, oil spills [incorporation of marine issues] • From pollution to ecosystems, nation-wide issues to local issues (present) • Relationship between citizens and government • Resistance & oppression (~ 80s) • Resistance, check & partial oppression (early 90s) • Resistance, check, partial cooperation ( the mid 1990s) : first civil gov. • Participation, cooperation, check, resistance (~present)

13. Challenges for the Public Participation (2/4) • Base for Public participation in Masan Bay • Triangle for decision-making or planning/implementation • Economic, Scientific & technical, Political feasibilities (participation) • Participation, lag-behind component for rational decision-making • Voluntary activities of citizen groups for better bay (from the late 1990s) • Restoration of tidal wetlands • Public outreaches, environmental education • Organization of federation group for the bay • Campaigns and assemblies against development projects etc. • Local Forum, informal consultation system in planning process (2003) – Top-down approach based on accumulated local activities • Facilitating agency, KMI * based on the strategic action plan for CEMA (2000) • Firm base for bottom approach application in decision-making * Establishment of the bay management plan (2004) in cooperation with relevant ministries and local governments

14. Challenges for the Public Participation (3/4) http://masan.momaf.go.kr/marine/keep/save.asp Local forum in 2002 http://mach.kfem.or.kr/

15. Challenges for the Public Participation (4/4) • Establishment of Institutional mechanism for the Public participation • Management Council, based on Prime Minister’s Order (’06) • Review issues and Make decision for improving the bay • Allocate budgets • Vice-minister of MOMAF (chair), relevant ministries, local governments, citizen groups of the bay • Community Advisory Council, based on Minister’s execute (’06) • Review and discuss issues • Make recommendations for Management Council • Public outreach activities for raising awareness • Relevant ministries, local governments, citizen groups, experts, industrial complexes (24 persons) • Scientific Advisory Group, based on Minister’s execute (’06) • Experts recommended by relevant ministries and local governments • Review technical and scientific issues • Make recommendations and advices for Councils • Research team (’05) • Watershed management, environmental policy, water quality (marine and freshwater), modeling, hydraulics, marine biology, economics, law etc

16. Challenges for the Public Participation (4/4)

17. New Challenge – sharing responsibilities • TPLMS, regulation of land-based activities • Allocation of pollutant loads to each local government and stakeholder • Emission of pollutants under the loads • Mobilization of financial resources to implement reduction measures Regulation & De-regulation (emerging issue in coastal area) • Sharing authorities between public and governmental sectors, and responsibilities among governmental sectors • Conflict resolution at various levels - local level, ministerial level, among stakeholders, etc. • Establishment of Local funding mechanism from their own efforts at local levels • Time to transfer from Output to Outcome & from Cliché to Action

18. Oceans and Coasts As a Force That Unites Stakeholders, Rather Than Divides them. They create COMMUNITIES with the shared vision. Thank you for listening!