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Jacob P. Waletzky Memorial Lecture Experience-Dependent Alterations in the Function of Brain Reward Systems: The Role of CREB. William A. Carlezon, Jr., Ph.D. Behavioral Genetics Laboratory Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital.
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Jacob P. Waletzky Memorial Lecture Experience-Dependent Alterations in the Function of Brain Reward Systems: The Role of CREB William A. Carlezon, Jr., Ph.D. Behavioral Genetics Laboratory Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital
Addiction and Depressive Disorders • High rates of co-morbidity in both men and women (Kessler et al., 1997). • Causal relationships can be difficult to establish. • Addictive behaviors and depressive disorders have common triggers (e.g., stress). • Studies of addiction may give us insights on depressive disorders, and vice-versa.
Working Hypothesis Addiction and Depressive Disorders Involve Brain Reward Systems
Happy Hopeless Grumpy Listless Sad Worried Mood in Rodents?
Mood in Rodents? Happy Hopeless Grumpy Reward Despair Dysphoria Listless Sad Worried Anhedonia Hypoactivity Anxiety
Mood in Rodents • reward (feelings of pleasure) • anhedonia (reduced ability to experience rewarding things as rewarding) • dysphoria (feelings of discomfort) • despair (feelings of giving up) • anxiety (feelings of apprehension, fear) • hypoactivity (less active than normal)
Overview 1. CREB 2. Functional role of CREB in the NAc 3. CREB and dynorphin 4. Kappa antagonists and agonists
Overview 1. CREB 2. Functional role of CREB in the NAc 3. CREB and dynorphin 4. Kappa antagonists and agonists
Addictive Drugs Regulate CREB in the NAc CREB phosphorylation Turgeon et al., 1997
Drug Regulation of CREB Are there behavioral correlates of CREB activity in the NAc? • Drug tolerance? • Drug sensitization?
Elevation of CREB with Engineered Viruses CREB VTA NAc
Elevation of CREB with Engineered Viruses CREB VTA NAc
Blockade of CREB Function By Overexpression of mCREB with Engineered Viruses mCREB VTA NAc
a HSV-1 packaging site pBR 322 Amp SV-40 polyadenylation site Col E1 ori pHSV PrpUC oris IE 4/5 Promoter HSV-1 c Region cDNA (e.g. CREB, mCREB, LacZ) (Neve Lab)
Gene Transfer Using Viral Vectors Increased Protein Expression Minimal Damage
Overview 1. CREB 2. Functional role of CREB in the NAc 3. CREB and dynorphin 4. Kappa antagonists and agonists
Anhedonia Dysphoria Effect of CREB Over Cocaine Doses Change in Time Spent in Drug Side (sec) Carlezon et al., 1998
Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS) in mCREB transgenic mice
Aversive/Prodepressants (drug withdrawal, lithium, neuroleptics) Drugs of Abuse (amphetamine, cocaine, opiates, PCP, nicotine) ICSS Thresholds 100%
Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS) in mCREB transgenic mice
Forced Swim Test (FST) Immobile Swimming
Elevated CREB Increases Immobility in the FST Latency to Immobility Locomotor Activity Time (sec) Beam Breaks (1 hr) CREB-On = More Depressive-like Signs CREB-Off = Fewer Depressive-like Signs
Forced Swim Test (FST) Immobile Swimming
Forced Swimming Activates CREB in the NAc Induction (swim / no swim) CREB in the NAc normally plays a role in reacting to stress Pliakas et al., 2001
Biology & Behavior CREB In NAc Drugs Stress Depressive Behavior CREB Target Genes
Overview 1. CREB 2. Functional role of CREB in the NAc 3. CREB and dynorphin 4. Kappa antagonists and agonists
Dynorphin • It is a kappa opioid receptor ligand (Chavkin et al., 1982) • It has CRE sites in its promoter (Douglass et al., 1994) • It is regulated by drugs of abuse (Hurd and Herkenham, 1993; Daunais et al., 1993; Cole et al., 1995) • Kappa agonists are aversive in people (Pfeiffer et al., 1986) • Kappa agonists are aversive rats (Bals-Kubik et al., 1993)
CREB Increases Dynorphin mRNA in the NAc CREB-On = More Dynorphin CREB-Off = Less Dynorphin Carlezon et al., 1998
Stress Increases Dynorphin mRNA in the NAc Stress = More Dynorphin Chartoff et al., unpublished
Biology & Behavior Drugs Stress CREB In NAc Depressive Behaviors
Biology & Behavior Drugs Stress CREB In NAc Depressive Behaviors dynorphin Clinical Implications
Overview 1. CREB 2. Functional role of CREB in the NAc 3. CREB and dynorphin 4. Kappa antagonists and agonists
U-69593 (kappa agonist) increases immobility and decreases swimming Mague et al., 2003
ANTI (IP) decreases immobility and increases climbing *ANTI: 5’-acetamidinoethylnaltrindole Mague et al., 2003
Proposed Circuitry Carlezon et al., 2000
Proposed Circuitry X X Carlezon et al., 2000
Proposed Circuitry X X Carlezon et al., 2000
Kappa-selective agonist O O O O O O O O Salvinorin A (kappa agonist) (Roth et al., 2002 )
Salvinorin A Microdialysis (NAc) (Carlezon et al., 2005)
Medicinal Chemistry Program O Furan-ring derivatives O C2 derivatives O Lactone-ring derivatives O O O O O C4 derivatives Salvinorin A (kappa agonist)
Does CREB in the NAc Regulate Mood? Carlezon & Konradi, 2004
Acknowledgements Carlezon Lab Andrea Pliakas Andreas Arvanitogiannis Rebecca Ralph-Williams Sonia Guediche Steve Mague Brian Gilliss Elena Chartoff Hilarie Tomasiewicz Mark Todtenkopf Edward Meloni Alexandra Jackson Jacqueline Marcus Maria Papadopoulou Jennifer DiNieri Katie Famous Andrew Smith Jessica Pohlman Aram Parsegian Melissa Stoos Lyle Gerety Tracie Paine Dost Ongur Allison Knoll Matthew Barhight Antonia Dow McLean Labs Bruce Cohen, Christine Konradi Rachael Neve, Susan Andersen Funding Sources NIDA, NIMH, NARSAD