Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America

1. Alexis de TocquevilleDemocracy in America Five Values 1. Laissez-Faire- government policy of “hands off” economy 2. Individualism-free to flourish without regard to station in life 3. Populism-participation of common people 4. Egalitarianism- society of equals 5. Liberty-protection from tyranny, rule of law, religious faith

2. Founding Father’s Line-up 1. Benjamin Rush-Father of American Medicine, signer of D of I 2. John Jay - Federalists Papers, first Chief Justice of Supreme Court, neg. US borders 3. John Peter Muhlenberg-clergymen recruited soldiers to fight British 4. Jonathan Trumball, Sr. – colonial governor sided with colonists against the British, helped supply Washington’s army 5. John Hancock-Pres. Second Continental Congress, signer of D of I 6. John Witherspoon-signer of D of I, Pres. Of New Jersey College (Princeton) 7. Charles Carroll- helped to finance the war with his own money, signer of D of I 8. John Locke- theory that governments were to protect natural God given rights

3. Charters of Freedom Dec. of Independence – “We Hold these truths to be self-evident” 2. Constitution – Preamble- a. form a more perfect union b. establish justice c. insure domestic tranquility d. provide for the common defense e. promote the general welfare Bill of Rights – first ten amendments 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. self-incrimination, double jeopardy, private property taken without compensation

4. Principles of the US Constitution Seven Principles 1. Checks and Balances- prevents one branch from becoming too powerful. ie, presidential Veto 2. Federalism - powers divided between national and state governments, working together 3. Sep. of Powers- divide power between 3 branches; legislative, executive, judicial 4. Limited Government- powers of government are limited to those mentioned in the Constitution 5. Republicanism –democratic government of representatives elected by the people 6. Popular Sovereignty- powers of the government come from the consent of the governed 7. Individual Rights – rights guaranteed by the constitution

5. Bill of Rights 1st TEN AMENDMENTS I. – RAPPS- religion, assembly, petition, press speech II. Right to bear arms - III. Quartering of Troops- IV Search and Seizure- protects against unreasonable searches and seizure V. Criminal Proceedings;Due Process; Eminent Domain – -grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination;eminent domain VI. Speedy and Public Trial- impartial jury VII. Civil Trials – jury trial in civil cases VIII. Punishment for Crimes- protection against cruel and unusual punshishment IX Unenumerated Rights- just because rights are not listed doesn’t mean you don’t have that right X. Reserved Power Amendment- powers not granted to the federal government are reserved to the states

6. Westward Expansion Klondike Gold Rush – “gold in ‘em ‘ ar hills” 1896 Alaska settlers poured into area Manifest Destiny- US was destined to expand from coast to coast Homestead Act- cheap land for farming, conflict with Indians Cattle Boom-drive cattle across open plains to RR stations, sent cattle east to big cities Railroads – transcontinental railroad, completed 1869 Utah – - national market - bring settlers west Indian Wars-defeat indians, Wounded Knee; placed on reservations throughout the west; Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse Dawes Act-attempt to assimilate Indians, gave families land to farm, Indian Schools taught trades Farm Issues- crop failure, inflation, debt, natural disaster, lack of government help, - populist movement – address issues, silver

7. BUSINESS • Free enterprise, laissez-faire government and abundant resources caused — • large scale economic growth • Led to growth of industry / corporations / trusts / monopolies • Entrepreneurs • Andrew W. Carnegie - Gospel of Wealth (philanthropy) • John Rockefeller – Standard Oil • List workplace abuses— • long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions • Why was this called the Gilded Age? • Thin layer of prosperity covering abuses by corps.   • What was Social Darwinism? • survival of the fittest, no govern. • intervention POLITICAL MACHINES Who was the famous political boss of Tammany Hall, NYC? Boss Tweed Corruption Bribery IMMIGRATION Push factors? war, natural disaster Pull factors? Jobs, education, land, opportunity New immigrants from southern/eastern Europe What was nativism? Favoring native born over immigs. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)—What was the economic impact? Wages increase, unemployment declines Social Gospel – Christian value that motivated social reform efforts (ex. Salvation Army) What was Americanization? adopting American customs

8. TECHNOLOGY Elevator Telephone/telegraph Oil drilling Bessemer Process Electricity How did technology impact business? Expansion of businesses, overproduction, need for markets overseas URBANIZATION Rural to urban-Why did people move? Rapid growth brought problems: Overcrowding Sanitation problems Tenements Infrastructure Corruption

11. Who? President Wilson initially declared neutrality Alliances: _Allies __ vs. _Central Powers__ American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by__John Pershing___ Argonne Forest one of the most famous battles (1918)because turning point; _ Allied victory_ Alvin York won theMedalof Honor Technological Innovations? submarines machine guns poison gas tanks/planes Effects of Technological Innovations Western Front— hundreds of miles of battle front along eastern France Trench warfare … led to a Stalemate led to … Massive casualties When__1917__ Lusitania is sunk Germany’s unrestricted _submarine warfare__warfare Ties to Allies Zimmerman_Telegram Sussex Pledge- promise to warn passagengers before attack  Another Turning Point! When?1914-1918___ World War I—Why is this a Turning Point? Militarism: strong military Alliances:linked together Imperialism:compete for colonies Nationalism: national pride  Assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand_1914__ Treaty of Versailles— Germany reparations and accept war guilt Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points created League of _Nations_ Great Migration- African Amer. Move north U.S. returns to isolationism International instability Espionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act restricted freedom of speech_ Selective Service Act – Drafted 11

12. Who? • Yellow journalism—Pulitzer and Hearst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism Why? DéLome letter calls President McKinley weak. Americans are ___Outraged_ and protest When? 1898 ___USS MAINE______ is sent to Cuba to protect U.S. interests Explodes and seen as an attack on the U.S.- sabatage Where? Havana, _Cuba_____ San Juan Hill Victory of Rough Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt Philippines USS Maine sinks and theU.S. blames___Spain_____ • U.S. vs. Spain Turning Point! Spanish American War Review this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks • How? • Media— • Yellow journalism increases support • Land— • U.S. fought Spain in Cuba and the Phillipines • Sea— • U.S. defeats_Spainquickly Significance U.S. acquired territory from Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines Platt Amendment— U.S. could intervene in Cuba Why is this war considered a turning point? US wins; now a world power 10

15. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point?

16. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point? Increased employment Decreased spending Decreased wages Increased spending All of these are in effect today! Increased wages Unemployment

17. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point? American Home Front:Isolationism to War Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—keep US out of war/ allowed US to sell, lease or lend to Britain Roosevelt— Pres. During most of WWII Appeasement— giving in to demands to avoid war Pearl Harbor— surprise attack by Japan, US declares warExecutive Order 9066 + Internment Camps— Japanese Americans placed in camps Office of War Information + Propaganda— make public aware of how they could help War bonds, rationing, victory gardens— ways to support war effort Volunteering/patriotism— Women- Afric.Amer. Enlist— brought an end to Depression Mobilization— prepare for war, War Prod. Board Vernon J. Baker— African-Amer. Medal of Honor U.S. entry— Pacific Theatre Hideki Tojo— emperor of Japan Flying Tigers — Volunteers pilots help China against Japan Bataan Death March—60 mile march through jungles of Philippines faced starvation and death Island-Hopping— US pacific strategy Navajo Code Talkers— used to send messages Chester Nimitz—US Navy Admiral defeated Japanese at Battle of Midway Douglas Macarthur— US Army Command. In Pacific George Marshall— Chief of Staff “Organizer of Victory Battle of Midway- US victory/ turning point Atomic bombs dropped- Truman; Hiroshima/Nagasaki-save lives

18. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point? Adolf Hitler— leader of Germany Benito Mussolini— leader of Italy Joseph Stalin— leader of USSR/ Allies Dictatorship— single leader total control Aggression— Hitler’s move through Europe Winston Churchill— leader of Britain Fascism—extreme nationalism George Patton— US Commander led army through Africa and Italy Dwight Eisenhower- Supreme US Comm. Led invasion of France at Normandy Omar Bradley-led first army through France D-Day Invasion & Normandy— Tuskegee Airmen— Afric-Amer. Fighter pilot unit led to integration of militaryHolocaust— Hitler’s genocideLiberation of concentration camps— Allies realize the extent of the Holocaust

19. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point? June 6, 1944 D-Day Invasion 1942 Midway Aug. 1945 Atomic Bombs Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor

20. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point? Truman Doctrine — aid to free countries resisting communism Containment Policy —prevent the spread of comm. Marshall Plan — aid to European countries to rebuild NATO/Collective Security — US /Western Allies Domino Theory — fear of spread of Comm /Vietnam Eisenhower Doctrine — Middle East/ Political Characteristics: -multi-party system - Freedom of expression, religion Economic Characteristics: -free market -economic freedom -private ownership of business -supply and demand determine price • Political Characteristics: • Communists party control • One party leader • Economic characteristics: • Command economy • No economic freedoms • No private property • State ownership of business Warsaw Pact— Soviet response to NATO Satellite Nations — eastern European countries part of USSR/ Poland Iron Curtain —imaginary line btwn free and communist/Churchill Berlin Wall —wall built to divide city between free & soviet United Nations a A Battle of Ideology Who was involved? U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union) United States/ Western Europe 16 Team Communism Team Democracy

21. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point? China Mao Zedong — What happened in 1949? Korea Korean War Reasons: Outcomes: China Mao Zedong –communists revolution Korea- reasons- containment Outcome- 39th parallel/ same as before the war Korean War Reasons:Outcomes: Space Race— sputnik Education Priorities— math/science Moon-Landing—1969 Arms Race—atomic weapons Red-Scare—fear of Comm. HUAC—house of un-amer. Act. Comm Joseph McCarthy— McCath Rosenberg Trials— spys VenonaPapers—confirmed spys Détente—relax tensions/nixon Star Wars—Reagan/ Presidents’ Views? Truman—containment Eisenhower—domino theory Kennedy—flexible response Johnson—domino theory Nixon—détente/normalization Ford—détente Carter—negotiation/human rights Reagan—Regan Doctrine Bush—End of the Cold War Europe Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift aid to city Berlin Wall SOVIET UNION Sputnik—1957 TURNING POINT! Ignites Space Race Arms Race – a-bombs Breakup of U.S.S.R.- 1990’s Vietnam— Domino Theory— fear that ones goes more will follow Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— blank check to LBJ Escalation/combat— LBJ sends more soldiers Roy Benavidez—Mex-Amer. Medal of Honor winner Tet Offensive— major Vietcong Offensive/throughout VN Anti-War Movement—protesting war Vietnamization— Nixon’s plan to end war in VN Fall of Saigon— communists takeover after US withdraw War Powers Resolution—limits Pres. Actions in war CUBA Fidel Castro—Which form of government? - communists Bay of Pigs Invasion—Why? – overthrow Castro/unsuccessful Cuban Missile Crisis—What happened? -russia placing missiles in Cuba/ Kennedy forces them out 17

22. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point? Housing Boom Growth of the suburbs__ 1950 Levittown

23. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point?

24. Why was this a Turning Point? Why was this a Turning Point?

25. Great Society DomesticProgram War on poverty Programs created to give economic opportunity —Medicare/Medicaid helped the elderly and poor access health care —Head Start/Child Nutrition Act Programs were costly/expanded role of government Miranda v. Arizona Immigration Act of 1965 DOVES HAWKS Credibility gap — lost faith in govern. reliability Pentagon Papers —leaked to media proves gov. lied about war Draft —young men sent to fight , many protested, Canada burn draft cards as protest 26t h Amendment — 18 years old could vote “old enough to die old enough to vote” Role of the media —watched war on TV, including questionalbe things, influenced opinion of the war Silent Majority- Nixon claimed most Americans were in favor of war Some adopted attitude of rebellion Challenged materialism and the “establishment” Youth Culture Led to — anti-war movement New lifestyles — communes, hippies New fashion Use of illegal drugs Music Anti-War Movement 21

26. Brought renewed hope Peace Corps “Ask not what your _country_ can do for you, but what you can do for your ___country_.” New Frontier Space Race —U.S. on Moon Promoted space program Improved lives as a result —Advances in technology —Communication —New products —GPS

28. RonaldReagan • Moral Majority • Conservative lobby group • Formed by television evangelist Jerry Falwell • Opposed ERA • Heritage Foundation • Conservative think tank • Promoted free enterprise, civil rights, limited governmentand strong national defense George Bush • National Rifle Association • After assassinations in the 1960s the Gun Control Act of 1968 • NRA became more active andwas a conservative political groupsupporting 2nd Amendment Rightsmendment rights. • Republican (1981-1989) • Supported by social conservatives —Phyllis Schlafly, led opposition to ERA • Won using conservative ideas (remember Goldwater 1964) and optimism • What was Reaganomics? • supply-side economics • cut taxes to business, wealth • What was “Peace through Strength”? • -Star wars – “Let he who desires peace prepare for war” • How was the U.S. involved in the Iran-Contra Affair? • sold weapons to Iran for release of Hostages. Money sent to rebels in Nicaragua • Why were U.S. Marines in Lebanon? • International peace-keeping force, attacked by suicide bomber 241 American Marines killed • Appointed Sandra Day O’Connor first woman to U.S. Supreme Court(1981) • Republican (1989-1993) • What is significant about the Americans with Disabilities Act? • prohibited discrimination of people with disabilities in employment • What signifies the end of the Cold War? • eastern European countries moved away from Communism, Berlin Wall comes down, • When? 1991 • Why did the U.S. get involved in the Persian Gulf War? • Iraq invaded Kuwait, greatest foreign policy achievement • People moving from Rust Belt region to the Sunbelt region • People moved from industrial Mid-west to Southwest for jobs

30. TAKIN’ CARE OF BUSINESS TCB TCB Technological Innovation How have these improved business and American’s standard of living? Satellites— orbit the earth send signals –space junk, pictures Cell phones— instant info and connection, issues? ------ Personal computers— manage info, save info, reduce work load, Robotics— aid in manufacturing, reduce employment Just-in-time inventory management— parts arrive at the precise time in the manufacturing process Information technology— increase in production, high tech jobs Genetic engineering— thousands of diseases such as cancer may be cured Time-Study Analysis- how long to perform a task, help manage workers and production Globalization How have these encouraged globalization? Internet— world wide linking of computers, e-commerce, doing business on computer Growth of multi-national corporations— multi-national corps. Can move production to other places to avoid taxes and regs. Energy needs—rising population has led to greater need for energy, nuclear, solar, hydro, Dangers of explosions, storms, leaks, global warming acid rain, ozone layer American culture— energy conservation, environmental issues Business Marketplace How does free enterprise impact the creation of discoveries in the U.S.? powerful incentive to meet consumer demands, free to produce and choose products What contribution have these entrepreneurs made to the United States? Bill Gates— Microsoft Sam Walton— Wal-Mart EsteéLauder— cosmetics Lionel Sosa—Hispanic owned ad agency Robert Johnson— BET Oprah Winfrey— influence public opinion, philanthropy 25

31. Urbanization/How the other half lives Industrialization/Child Labor Gilded Age Westward Expansion/Manifest Destiny Americanization/ Assimilation Immigration/Nativism Stock Market Crash/ Depression Imperialism/Panama Canal/TR 20’s/Flappers

32. Spanish American War WW I Progressive Era Depression 30’s New Deal/ 3R’s WW II Arms Race/Cold War Baby Boom/ Suburbs Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott

33. Space Race/1969 Sputnik 1957 MLK/Assassinated 1968 70’s Watergate/Lack of Confidence in Gov’t Anti-War Movement Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers 9/11/2001 1991 – Fall of Communism Election 2008

34. Practice EOC 99 – 1 68-22 97-2 66-23 96-3 65-24 94-4 63-25 93-5 62-26 91-6 60-27 90-7 59-28 88-8 57-29 87-9 56-30 85-10 84-11 82-12 81-13 79-14 78-15 76-16 75-17 74-18 72-19 71-20 69-21