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Stomata – Development

Stomata – Development. Philipp Gerke PCDU-Seminar 16.12.2015. Stomata Development – Cell State Transition. MYB transcription factors: Part of the cell cycle machinery MYB88 Four lips (FLP) Counterpart of FAMA. bHLHs = basic helix-loop-helix Transcription factors

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Stomata – Development

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  1. Stomata – Development Philipp Gerke PCDU-Seminar 16.12.2015

  2. Stomata Development – Cell State Transition MYB transcription factors: Part of the cell cycle machinery MYB88 Four lips (FLP) Counterpart of FAMA • bHLHs • = • basic helix-loop-helix • Transcription factors • SPCH, MUTE, FAMA • Are key switches • partial expressed • SCREAMs/ICEs • Maintenance for development • Consecutive expressed SLGC

  3. Stomata Patterning – One Cell Spacing Rule • SLGC are dividing away from existing stomata • Two misplaced meristemoids next to each other divides away from each other SLGC SLGC One cell spacing rule cell-cell communication via short distance signals

  4. Leucin Rich Repeat Receptor Like Kinases (LRR-RLK) • Over 200 members in Plants • Single pass trans membrane proteins • Forms functional homo- and heterodimers • Members involved in stomatal development: • ERECTA expressed in protodermal cells • ERL1 • expressed in meristemoids GMCs and young GCs • ERL2 • TMM expressed across the stomatal lineage • lacking the kinase domain Ligand binding domain Kinase domain

  5. Epidermal Patterning Factor Like (EPFL) Family • 11 members in this family • Secreted cysteine-rich peptides • ~50-90 amino acid • Characteristic intramolecular disulfid bonds • Members involved in stomatal development: • EPF1 secreted by late meristemoids and GMCs • EPF2 secreted by MMCs and early meristemoids • EPFL9 (Stomagen) secreted by mesophyll tissue obove the epidermis

  6. Receptor Ligand Interaction Treatment with Arrested meristemoids Only pavement cells EPF2/ERECTA prevents surrounding protodermal cells to perform a entry division EPF1/ERL1 promotes a the correct spacing and repress meristemoids differentiation

  7. Receptor Ligand Interaction Mesophyll tissue Stomagen has a positive influence on stomata development

  8. Signal transduction from the cell membrane to the nucleus Surrounding epidermis cells Phytohormones Photosynthetic tissue • MAPK Cascade: • Also present in yeast and animals • Activation by sequential phosphorylation • of 3 kinase modules • Deactivation of SPCH via phosphorylation HIC proteins ? Temperature CO2 MAPK Cascade is an integration point of other developing signals

  9. Asymmetric cell division and division polarity Problems … no recognizable homologs of animal or fungal polarity genes ! … the mechanical restrictions of the cell wall Plant specific polarity genes were identified BASL and POLAR

  10. Conclusion • Stomata are produced through a characteristic series of divisions controlled via the coordinated activities of transcription factors that can directly regulate core cell-cycle genes. • Correct stomatal patterning and initiation requires intercellular communication through the activity of secreted peptide ligands, receptor kinases, and MAPK signaling modules. • Environmental conditions impact the production of stomata in developing leaves via a long-distance signal initiated in mature leaves. MAPK modules may provide a common integration point among multiple environmental inputs. • Polarity localized proteins (BASL and POLAR) provide the first examples polarity factors in plants.

  11. References • Facette, Michelle R.; Smith, Laurie G. (2012): Division polarity in developing stomata. In: Current Opinion in Plant Biology 15 (6), S. 585–592. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.09.013. • Lau, On Sun; Bergmann, Dominique C. (2012): Stomatal development: a plant's perspective on cell polarity, cell fate transitions and intercellular communication. In: Development (Cambridge, England) 139 (20), S. 3683–3692. DOI: 10.1242/dev.080523. • Pillitteri, Lynn Jo; Torii, Keiko U. (2012): Mechanisms of stomatal development. In: Annual Review of Plant Biology 63, S. 591–614. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105451. • Simmons, Abigail R.; Bergmann, Dominique C. (2015): Transcriptional control of cell fate in the stomatal lineage. In: Current Opinion in Plant Biology 29, S. 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.09.008. • Torii, Keiko U. (2012): Mix-and-match: ligand-receptor pairs in stomatal development and beyond. In: Trends in Plant Science 17 (12), S. 711–719. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.013.

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