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Obtrusive Light

Obtrusive Light. Light, Lighting Plans & Luminaires Malcolm Mackness BA(Hons) I Eng Associate ILP LCADS Ltd. Problems. The right amount of light, where it is needed is essential element of our 24- hour lifestyle nowadays. This need can occur in remote landscapes as well as urban areas.

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Obtrusive Light

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  1. ObtrusiveLight Light, Lighting Plans & Luminaires Malcolm Mackness BA(Hons) I Eng Associate ILP LCADS Ltd

  2. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  3. Problems • The right amount of light, where it is needed is essential element of our 24- hour lifestyle nowadays. This need can occur in remote landscapes as well as urban areas. • Light in the wrong quantity, colour or place may be a nuisance, intrusive or even dangerous. • Good lighting design has always sought to achieve the appropriate light levels and qualities for the task in hand, whilst minimising effects outside the designated area. • Problems can stem from old lighting equipment and systems, together with poor design or choice of equipment for new installations. poor installation practices can produce bad lighting from excellent equipment. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  4. Lighting Plans • A Dark Sky Lighting Management Plan (LMP) will be based around an existing dark landscape, seeking to maintain and, ideally, improve upon it. Plans will draw on material from a variety of sources, including :- • IDA Dark Sky Places requirements. • Highways Agency strategies. • County Council, City & Town / District Council / Parish Council lighting policies. • Planning Legislation & guidance notes, AONB & National Park policies, etc. • LMPs identify • a Core Zone with either no or minimal lighting within it. • A Buffer Zone surrounding the Core, with stringent light controls. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  5. Control • Lighting may be controlled physically in terms of:- • Quantity • Intensity • Direction • This should occur for both:- • The lighting task itself • Light beyond the task area (spill light, glare, presence in the landscape etc.) • Control can also be in terms of time, e.g. curfews, presence switching etc. • To understand problems we need to understand some basic lighting terminology. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  6. Standards & Units – Light Source Intensity • Unit: Candela • The intensity of a light source. (Subjectively this is the brightness viewed by an observer). • 1 candela is roughly the brightness of a candle, which was the original standard. • Limits on light source brightness are typically set in lighting plans. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  7. Light Flux (quantity) • Unit: Lumen • The total amount of light emitted from the source in all directions. • A source of 1 Candela will emit 4 pi (approx. 12.57) Lumens. • Limits on total lumens are set for compliant fittings in Dark Sky plans. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  8. Illuminance (illumination / light level) • Unit: LUX (lumens per square metre). • The measure of light (the illuminance) falling onto a surface. • A source of 1 candela produces an illuminance of 1 lux at a distance of 1m. • Illuminance levels should be appropriate for the task to be undertaken. • Limits are set for illuminance onto windows in obtrusive light calculations. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  9. Luminance (brightness) • Unit: Candela / m2 • The luminance (brightness) of object(s) & ultimately the whole scene when illuminated. • Luminance depends on the:- • Illuminance (light falling on to surface(s). • Reflectivity. • Colour of the components of the scene. • Also applies to an internally illuminated object e.g. a sign. • Upper limits of luminance are typically set for floodlit buildings, statues etc. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  10. Key features • Source intensity (in cd) does not change with distance! • Illuminance (in lux) varies inversely with the square of the distance. • 1cd @ 1.0 m produces an Illuminance of 1.0 lux @ 2.0 m produces an illuminance of 0.25 lux @ 3.0 m produces an illuminance of 0.11 lux etc. • Luminance (cd/m2) depends on the Illuminance, reflection factor, surface characteristics & colour(s) of the surface(s). Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  11. Permissible values link to Lighting Zones. • The values set for the various components above are determined by the nature of the area in which the lighting exists or is proposed. • The nature of the area determines the Lighting Zone. • Determining the local Lighting Zone(s) and thereby setting appropriate light limits, should be an automatic part of the process for any new planning application involving exterior lighting. • Zones are considered in more detail later. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  12. Lighting Plans - 2 • The Lighting Plan will deal with all the current IDA requirements and set them in context with the UK and Regional / local criteria. • Summarise the lighting situation within the designated area and look for a minimum of 67% of fittings to be compliant with light control criteria. • Identify good and bad situations. • Develop & implement strategies, short and long term to overcome or mitigate problems. This will include the need to achieve a minimum of 90% compliance within 5 years. • Involve Councils, Local Bodies & Organisations & the Public • Operate in the designated area and be maintained for regular audit by the IDA. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  13. Light Management Strategies • In broad terms, minimising unwanted light will involve the replacement or removal of fittings which do not comply. • Medium to long-term improvement of the compliant lighting % is a normal requirement of an IDA award. • Require that all new lighting installed within the designated Core & Buffer Zones is compliant with the Dark Sky plan. • This will involve • Careful assessment of all new development which included lighting. • Setting Conditions which ensure the Plan is not compromised. • Issue of guidance and advice and / or reference to suitable lighting specialists via links with the Local Authorities etc. for individuals or Developers. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  14. Local Authorities • The Local County & City / Town / District Councils should have suitable lighting policies and lighting staff who understand and operate them. • Parish Councils may have street lighting powers & need to be involved, perhaps with guidance from the County Authority. • Planning Departments in Councils, National Park Authorities etc., will also need staff who can understand the nature of lighting problems or have suitable professional contacts available to provide guidance. Malcolm Mackness LCADS Ltd Cranborne Chase AONB

  15. Light Nuisance and Planning Applications James H Paterson & Malcolm Mackness Design Practice Directors Lighting Consultancy And Design Services Ltd

  16. Clean Neighbourhoods and Environmental Act 2005 Section 102 – “Artificial light emitted from premises so as to be prejudicial to health or a nuisance” Could keep people awake – causing depression or causing accidents Must involve interference with the use of property or highway NO SIMPLE ANSWER regardless of IDA award status

  17. The PLANNERS viewpoint 1 Sky Glow / Aura 2 Glare from Source (caused by poor light control) 3 How do you recognise warning signs in planning applications containing technical lighting data ? + WHAT is MISSING?

  18. Just a piece of stone sculpture? Receptor 1’s Location

  19. 2 People with Opposing Views? Receptor 2’s Location

  20. Triangles or Diamonds ? Receptor 3’s Location

  21. Or Just a Star in the Sky Receptor 4’s Location

  22. The “star” now shown in its correct environmental setting Principal Receptor Viewpoint Designed to convey message of “man’s” differing perspectives at time of conflict

  23. CASE STUDY ?? WHERE IS THE PROBLEM ??

  24. CASE STUDY Old RAF Bomb Store Road Network between Bunkers Lighting columns with old sodium lanterns Developer changed them to 80w mercury area floodlights and local planning needed precondition report Holiday Home Site Excluded 1999

  25. CLASIC LACK of UNDERSTANDING 1 Critical Receptor location not identified 2 AONB not declared until after initial report was written. 3 Client chose to listen to others

  26. AONB RE-VISIT 2001

  27. AONB RE-VISIT 2001 SITE ILLUMINATED SITE LIGHTING EXTINGUISHED

  28. LIGHT DISTRIBUTION Screen round floodlight concentrated light in downward direction Internal surface of screen and road surface act as a reflector The angle of light reflected off a surface is equal to the incident angle

  29. RECEPTOR VIEWPOINT Upward viewpoints are likely to see greater source intensity than a horizontal view point Dark backgrounds make light sources appear brighter

  30. LIGHT DISTRIBUTION Road lighting lanterns recommended to replace the area floodlights. Front light limiting screen on units pointing downhill into open valley

  31. Carry Forward Terms Environmental Zones Viewed Intensity Light Distribution

  32. Luminaires

  33. Road Lighting

  34. LED Street Lights

  35. Bollards

  36. Symmetric Floodlights

  37. Double Asymmetric Floodlights

  38. LED Floodlights

  39. Asymmetric Floodlights

  40. ILP Obtrusive light guidelines ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES E0 Protected Darkness beyond property D.S.P Core Zones E1Intrinsic Darkness National Parks, AONB, Dark Sky Park / Reserve E2Low District Brightness Dark Sky Town / Community E3 Medium District Brightness E4 High District Brightness Set to suit the Local Development Plan

  41. ILP Obtrusive Light Guidelines Download :2011 www.theilp.org.uk

  42. VIEWED INTENSITY LIMITS PRE POST Curfew (Switch Off) E0 0 0 (typical of Core) E1 2,500 0 (Buffer & AONB) E2 7,500 500 E3 10,000 1,000 E4 25,000 2,500 Values in Candelas do not diminish with distance from source

  43. WINDOW INTRUSION CONTROL Values are measured vertically on window glass If window is illuminated with other sources should be measured before and after installation date to determine additional value Values (next slide) do not relate to task illuminance recommendations

  44. ILP LIGHT INTRUSION LIMITS Intrusion Control E0 E1 E2 Pre 10pm (lux) 0 2 5 Post 10pm (lux) 0 0 1

  45. Lighting Quality Terms Candela – Intensity of light from a luminaire in one direction Lux – Illumination on a surface (lumens per square metre) Lumens – Output of light source / lamp

  46. ILP GRAPHICS warning Graphics not suitable for Dark Sky Place since luminaire MUST be horizontal if lumens > 500 in Park or Reserve

  47. Sport & Work Lighting

  48. Both sports pitches and outside working areas will have recommendations for appropriate levels set by Governing Bodies, ILP & CIBSE reports. • Some working environments have light levels set out in legislation e.g Docks Regulations. • It is important to check current recommended values.

  49. Sports lighting levels • Target light levels for sports pitches need to be appropriate to the level of general play. • Premier (especially) & Football League pitches present the greatest problems due to high lighting demands for HD TV coverage. • Local club & practice pitches sometimes have high illuminance levels specified if they are used by larger clubs for training / practice purposes.

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