BELLWORK – Review!!!

1. BELLWORK – Review!!! • Analyze the social, political, and economic causes of the Mexican-American War. • The question asks for multiple causes, make sure you address all three types! Include long AND short term! • Analyze the effects of the Mexican-American war on the region. • The question asks for effects on the region…….you NEED to address the impact on both the U.S. AND Mexico!!

2. Long Term Causes of the Mexican-American War • Vast nation covering 1/3 of North America with huge economic potential! (especially California!) • Not very many Mexicans settled in the territory (“backwater”)  very attractive to the expansionist US • Internal divisions in Mexico weakened their government: rich vs. poor, educated vs. uneducated, elites vs. peasants, liberals vs. conservatives • Political instability - monarchy, republican government, and caudillos (33 years = 49 presidents) • Economic problems and massive debt (mostly to Britain) • Santa Anna was adamantly against foreign intervention (anti-US) • Manifest Destiny, new immigrants, economic potential caused Americans to desire expansion

3. Immediate Causes • Stephen Austin granted permission by the Mexican government to settle 300 families in Texas……. Flood gates opened as thousands of families followed • By 1830, Americans in Texas outnumbered Mexicans 4:1 – Mexico ordered end to immigration • Mexican soldiers tried to collect taxes from US……instead, promoted smuggling and friction between the Texas militia and Mexican soldiers • Citizens of Texas (both Mexican and US) requested independence  Santa Anna refused  Texas declared independence anyway (with military/economic aide from US)  Texas won independence  US annexed Texas (after long slavery debate)  WAR!!!!

4. The State of Texas

5. Analyze the effects of the Mexican-American war on the region.

6. Effects of the Mexican American War: US • Geo-Political Effects • Most immediate effect…… HUGE gain of territory! (1.2 million sq.mi.) • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: US gained Mexican territories of California, New Mexico, Arizona • Recognition of US annexation of Texas • Set the Rio Grande as the boundary between Mexico & US • US paid $15 million (also part of treaty) • Gadsden Purchase – 1853 • Political Effects: (Particularly in terms of the debate over expansion of slave territory) • Strong “All-Mexico” movement advocated annexation of entire territory • Abolitionists opposed and fought for the exclusion of slavery from any new territory • Social Effects: • Victory affirmed the concept of “Manifest Destiny” • Surge of patriotism & nationalism • Helped train officers who later became military leaders on both sides of Civil War

7. Effects of the Mexican American War: Mexico • Geo-Political Effects • Lost 55% of its national territory • Rio Grande River became the boundary – Mexico never again claimed ownership of Texas • Political Effects: • Government tried to colonize its remaining northern territories as a hedge against further losses • Santa Anna was removed from power • Treaty destabilized Mexico for decades • Social Effects: • Vast majority of Mexicans remained in the US though they faced discrimination • Relocation of some Mexicans further South in Mexico • Latin American fears (some, resentment) of further US expansion

8. Challenges to Soviet Control 1989 & The Year of Revolution!

9. Glasnost Description Effects Censorship collapsed, revealing fundamental societal problems Dissenters & political prisoners freed Long-denied problems (housing, food shortages, alcoholism, pollution, mortality rates, minority rights, and government crimes) now received increased attention Led to an explosion of popular culture – Western literature, art, religion, etc. Nationalism and independent movements in the Satellite states • “Openness” • Soviets desired democratic reforms • Transparency in government institutions & activities • Gorbachev believed this may help reduce corruption and moderate the abuse of administrative power

10. The difference???? • Brezhnev enforced tight control of satellite states, while Gorbachev allowed them to conduct affairs on their own…… this will lead to the collapse of the Iron Curtain and several revolts in 1989.

11. Review • How did Gorbachev’s policies impact the governments of Soviet Satellite States?

12. Background • In June 1989, Gorbachev declared that political unrest in Hungary & Poland was “their affair” and the USSR would not intervene • “What the Poles and Hungarians decide is their affair, but we will respect their decision whatever it is.” • In effect, he was announcing the death of the Brezhnev Doctrine and proclaimed there would be no Soviet military involvement in rebellions. • 1989 – the year of revolutions! • Quick collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe • Single party Communist-rule was swept aside in bloodless revolutions in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania & Bulgaria • There had been a long history of opposition to communism in Eastern Europe, but all revolts/disturbances were put down militarily.

13. Causes of Discontent • Economic backwardness & low living standards (worsened in the 1980’s) • Lack of legitimacy of ruling communist parties • Repressive methods used by ruling parties • Internal political divisions • Impact of Gorbachev’s reforms • Gorbachev did not foresee the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, he just hoped those governments would introduce reforms similar to his own in the USSR

14. Year of Revolutions • For the rest of class today you are going to learn about four specific examples of challenges to Soviet controland the revolutions of 1989. • East Germany (notes!) • Poland • Hungary • Czechoslovakia • We will discuss these at the end of next class!

15. Why didn’t Gorbachev stop these revolutions? • Due to advances in weapon delivery, no longer needed Eastern Europe as “buffer zone” • Not prepared to further damage relations with West • Miscalculated the communist regimes of Eastern Europe – thought they would introduce reforms similar to his • Eastern Europe was a financial liability • Cost of stationing troops • Cost of providing Warsaw Pact countries with military supplies • Increased TV ownership & media coverage (“as much the triumph of communication as the failure of communism”)

16. East Germany: Review • 1953 Riots: Caused by combination of relaxed controls with continuing repression • Crisis caused increase in migration to West • Walter Ulbricht continued to implement Soviet policies of forced collectivization of farms and high production quotas • June: Workers in Berlin rose up in revolt! • First uprising in Soviet sphere  suppressed by Red Army troops • Berlin Wall: August 13, 1961

17. Symbolism of the Wall • Over the next 30 years, the wall stood as a powerful symbol of the division between East and West……the Iron Curtain had become a reality. • When the collapse of the Soviet Union began in 1989, it was again the Wall – or the rapid and eager dismantling of it by the people of Berlin – which was the most vivid symbol of reality……the Cold War was over.

18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjWDrTXMgF8 “Mr. Gorbachev – Tear down this Wall!” 12 June 1987 -- commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin

20. East German Revolt of 1989 • In early 1989, borders began to crumble and East Germans escaped to the West through Hungary and Czechoslovakia • By September 1989, 30,000 East Germans fled • In response, the GDR closed its borders with its neighbors, thereby isolating itself (October) • Having been shut off from their last chance for escape, protests broke out (Monday demonstrations) • Gorbachev traveled to East Germany to urge the government to accept reform (East German government, now under Erich Honecker, labeled him a “subversive”) • After the fifth consecutive Monday of protest, the government responded by issuing a shoot and kill order • 70,000 people still protested the next day & authorities refused to open fire • Protests continued to grow, and by November, 500,000 people filled the streets of East Berlin

22. The Borders Open! • Following the November protests, the border with Czechoslovakia was opened and the Czech government allowed all East Germans to travel directly to West Germany without restrictions, thus lifting their part of the Iron Curtain • Unable to stop the flowing refugees into Czechoslovakia, the East German government caved into public pressure & allowed citizens to enter West Germany directly using border points • Press stated these changes were in effect “immediately without delay” and hundreds of thousands of people fled across the border • The guards, unwilling to open fire, let them through • Soon the border points overflowed and citizens tore down sections of the wall • On December 16, 1989, the government was dissolved and Marxism was denounced • First free elections were held March 18, 1990 • Two Germanys were reunited October 3, 1990 • Marked a dramatic shift in international relations, which until 1989, had been dominated by the East-West divide

24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnYXbJ_bcLc 24

31. FUN Facts…….. • September 2004 poll showed that 25% of West Germans and 12% of East Germans wish they were still separated. • 2005 poll showed that 58% of Russians have no idea who built the Berlin Wall. • Germans or United States • German gift shops sell pieces of the Berlin Wall for $55-$300. • By the time the Berlin Wall fell, there were 302 guard towers (~ 7 every mile)

32. Poland • Independent Self-governing Labour Union "Solidarity" General WojciechJaruzelskiLeader of Communist Party of Poland & Head of State (1985-1990) – banned Solidarity Lech Wałęsa– Co-founder & leader of Solidarity; president of Poland (1990-1995)

33. Jaruzelski with Cuban leader, Castro (above), and Romanian Head of State, NicolaeCeaușescu(right)

34. 30-years of Solidarity mural in OstrowiecŚwiętokrzyski, Poland • Priest Jerzy Popiełuszko: regularly gave sermons to striking workers, but was eventually killed by the Communist regime for his association with Solidarity. Polish workers themselves were closely associated with the Church.