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What are Life Emergent Properties?

What are Life Emergent Properties?. 1. Order & Organization 2. Energy Utilization 3. Response to the Environment/Stimuli 4. Evolution: Adaptation & Change Over Time 5. Regulation/Homeostasis 6. Reproduction 7. Growth & Development

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What are Life Emergent Properties?

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  1. What are Life Emergent Properties? • 1. Order & Organization • 2. Energy Utilization • 3. Response to the Environment/Stimuli • 4. Evolution: Adaptation & Change Over Time • 5. Regulation/Homeostasis • 6. Reproduction • 7. Growth & Development What is the smallest units that can carry out all the activities of life?

  2. Cell Theory • Contributions? • Robert Hooke • Anton von Leeuwenhoek • Matthew Schleiden • Theodor Schwann • Rudolf Virchow

  3. Cell Theory • 1. Cells are the basic units of life. • 2. All organisms are made of cells. • 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

  4. Biological Levels of Organization, Size Range of Cells, Other • Fig. 6.2: Log Scale- Why? • Fig. 6.3: Other LM: Phase-Contrast, Differential-interference-contrast, Fluorescence, Confocal • Fig. 6.5 Cell Fractionation- Centrifugation • Do cc6.1#2 p.97

  5. Size Limitations Coxiella bacterium 0.2um Blue Whale, 100ft(30+meter) Balaenoptera musculus 120 tons

  6. Size Limitations Need for Homeostasis/Regulation *Need for Energy *Excretion of Waste Plasma Membrane which control entry nutrient and expel of waste • Surface Area to Volume • S-to-V Ratio: as cell gets larger ratio and efficiency of cell gets smaller Volume increases faster than Surface Area of the Plasma Membrane.

  7. SA= 6x2 = 6cm2 V=x3 = 1 cm3 6:1 SA= 6x2 = 24 cm2 V=x3 = 8 cm3 3:1 Do cc6.2#2 p.102 Cell Size Limitations 1 cm 2 cm Lower ratio limits the ability to absorb & expel Larger ratio cell is more efficient at transport

  8. Cellular Organization • 1. Division of Labor…specialization • 2. Longer Life Spans…cells die and can be replaced

  9. Small, elongate or convoluted cells are adapted to be more efficient, WHY? How does specialization and organization help the cell in a multi-cellular organism?

  10. Pro- “prior to” Nucleoid region Cell Walls Ribosomes Make a Venn Diagram! Eu- “true” Nucleus ER Golgi Lysosomes Vesicles Mitochondria Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Plastids Vacuoles Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic • Karyote- “cell nucleus”

  11. Cells Organelles: Structure & Function

  12. What are the three main components of the cell? • 1.Plasma Membrane • Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins • 2.DNA containing Region ~10% • Nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nucleolus (rRNA + pr- = ribosomes), chromosomes, chromatin • 3.Cytoplasm (Cytosol 50% + Organelles) • EmS (ER, Golgi, Vesicles, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Fig.6.16), Energy&Metabolism (Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Peroxisomes)

  13. Mitochondria (fig.6.17) Cristae/matrix Chloroplasts (fig.6.18) Grana/thylakoid/stroma Peroxisomes Detox, H2O2, break fats Glyoxysomes(break seed fats) Organelles • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic Reticulum (fig.6.12) • Chloroplasts • Mitochondria • Cytosol • Nucleolus Energy Use/Production Synthesis

  14. Nucleus (fig.6.10) Nucleolus Chromosome/ Chromatin Nuclear Envelope Plasma Membrane Tonoplast-Central Vacuole Organelles • Cc6.3#3If the function of a particular protein in a eukaryotic cell is to make up part of the chromatin, describe the process of its synthesis. Include the cellular locations of all relevant molecules. Control

  15. Vacuoles Vesicles Membrane Proteins Plastids (amyloplast, chromoplasts) Golgi Body Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus (fig.6.13) Cell/Plasma Membrane Intercellular Junctions Tight, intermediate, gap, desmosomes, plasmodesmata Vesicle Organelles Storage Transport

  16. Organelles • Cytoskeleton (T6.1) • Microfilaments-actin • Intermediate Filaments-keratin • Microtubules-tubulin • MTOC (centrosome) • Cilia/Flagella • (basal body, 9+2) • Cell Wall (plants,fungi,protist,bacteria) • Cell Membrane • ECM animals (collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin+integrins) • Cc6.6#3: Males afflicted with Kartagener’s Syndrome are sterile because of immotile sperm, tend to suffer lung infections, and frequently have internal organ displacement (situs inversus). This disorder has a genetic basis. Suggest what the underlying defect might be at the cellular level. Structure

  17. Cellular Processes- Descriptive writing • Cc6.4#3 • Imagine a protein that functions in the ER but requires modifications in the Golgi apparatus before it can achieve the function. Describe the protein’s path through the cell, starting with the mRNA molecule that specifies the protein. • Media Sources/ Online Activities • Role of Nucleus & Ribosomes in Protein Synthesis • The EmS • Build a Chloroplast & Mitochondrion • P.123 table 

  18. Essential Questions • What are the key features of the cell theory? • What are the three main components of the cell? • What is the function of each component and the organelles that make it up? • How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar? Different? • How are structure important in the cell for coordination of function? • What are the components of the endomembrane system?

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