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Renal Cell Carcinoma: Nursing Considerations With the Use of Targeted Therapy

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Nursing Considerations With the Use of Targeted Therapy. Nancy Moldawer, RN, MSN Clinical Research Operations Manager Division of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research City of Hope Duarte, California. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). Originates in the renal cortex

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Renal Cell Carcinoma: Nursing Considerations With the Use of Targeted Therapy

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  1. Renal Cell Carcinoma:Nursing Considerations With the Use of Targeted Therapy Nancy Moldawer, RN, MSN Clinical Research Operations Manager Division of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research City of Hope Duarte, California

  2. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) • Originates in the renal cortex • Most common solid lesion occurring in the kidney (80-85% of all primary renal neoplasms) Diseased Kidney

  3. RCC Statistics • US estimates for 20071 • 51,190 individuals diagnosed with cancer of the kidney and renal pelvis • 12,890 individuals died from cancer of the kidney and renal pelvis • 3rd most common genitourinary cancer after prostate cancer and bladder cancer2 • Median age at diagnosis: 65 years (2000-2004)1 • Median age at death: 71 years (2000-2004)1 1. National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer statistics fact sheet: cancer of the kidney and renal pelvis. Accessed 2008. 2. Jemal A et al. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:43.

  4. RCC Statistics • An estimated 240,266 US individuals with a history of kidney and renal pelvis cancer were alive in 20041 • 5-year survival has improved2 • 50.9% 19751977 • 65.7% 19962003 1. National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer statistics fact sheet: cancer of the kidney and renal pelvis. Accessed 2008. 2. Ries LAG, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review. 2007;1975-2004.

  5. US Yearly Kidney and Renal Pelvis Cancer Incidence and Mortality Ries LAG et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2004;2007.

  6. Etiology of RCC • Environmental and clinical risk factors • Smoking1,2 • Obesity1,3,4 • Acquired cystic disease of the kidney (usually in association with dialysis)5,6 • Analgesic abuse nephropathy7,8 • Occupational exposure to toxic compounds9-11 • Genetic predisposition12 1. Setiawan VW et al. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166:932. 2. Hunt JD et al. Int J Cancer. 2005;114:101. 3. Pischon T et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:920. 4.Chow WH et al. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1305. 5. Brennan JF et al. Br J Urol. 1991;67:342. 6. Truong LD et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;26:1. 7. Chow WH et al. Int J Cancer. 1994;59:467. 8. Lornoy W et al. Lancet. 1986;1:1271. 9. Mandel JS et al. Cancer. 1995;61:601. 10. McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1997;70:222. 11. Brauch H et al. Toxicol Lett. 2004;151:301. 12. Zbar B et al. J Urol. 2007;177:461.

  7. Symptoms • Many patients with RCC are asymptomatic and have nonpalpable renal masses until late in natural disease course1,2 • Common local symptoms • Hematuria • Ipsilateral flank or abdominal pain • Palpable mass 1. Lee CT et al. Urol Oncol. 2002;7:135. 2. Patard JJ et al. Eur Urol. 2003;44:226.

  8. Symptoms • Common systemic symptoms • Paraneoplastic disorders • Hypertension • Cachexia • Weight loss • Pyrexia • Neuromyopathy • Amyloidosis • Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate • Anemia • Abnormal liver function • Hypercalcemia • Polycythemia • Pain or mass related to metastatic disease

  9. Physical Examination • Plays a limited role in diagnosing RCC • May be valuable in situations where there is • A palpable abdominal mass • A palpable cervical lymphadenopathy • Non-reducing varicocele • Bilateral lower extremity edema suggestive of venous involvement • Any of the above findings warrants radiologic examination Ljungberg B et al. Eur Urol. 2007;51:1502.

  10. Unknown 5% Metastatic Spread 20% Localized Disease Loco- 56% regional Spread 19% Extent of Disease at Diagnosis Most renal cancers diagnosed when disease still localized to primary site National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer statistics fact sheet: cancer of the kidney and renal pelvis. Accessed 2008.

  11. Stages of RCC Stage I: Cancer is in the kidney only and size of the tumor is ≤7.0 cm in diameter Stage II: Cancer is in the kidney only, but size of the tumor is >7.0 cm in diameter Stage IV: Tumor in the kidney extends beyond Gerota’s fascia and/or cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes near kidney. Cancer may have spread to other organs such as lungs, liver, brain, or bones. Stage III: Tumor in the kidney may be any size, but extends beyond layer of tissue (Gerota’s fascia) that encapsulates kidney and adrenal gland. Cancer may have spread to blood vessels that carry blood away from kidney. Oregon Health & Science University. Kidney Cancer Program. Available at: http://www.ohsu.edu/health/page.cfm?id=13584

  12. RCC Subtypes1,2 1. Thoenes W et al. Path Res Pract. 1986;181:125. 2. Störkel S, van den Berg E. World J Urol. 1995;13:153.

  13. Prognostic Clinical Factors • Several clinical factors associated with poor survival in patients with RCC • Poor performance status1,2 • Presence of RCC symptoms and/or paraneoplastic syndrome1-6 • Anemia, hypercalcemia, hepatopathy, thrombocytosis, fever, weight loss • Obesity7 1. Zisman A et al. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1649. 2. Motzer RJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2530. 3. Suppiah R et al. Cancer. 2006;107:1793. 4. Bensalah K et al. J Urol 2006;175:859. 5. Fahn HJ et al. J Urol. 1991;145:248. 6. Patard JJ et al. J Urol. 2004;172:2167. 7. Calle EE et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1625.

  14. Recurrent/Metastatic RCC Prognosis Patients with recurrent or metastatic RCC have very poor prognosis Factors Associated With Survival Outcomes1-4 1. Motzer RJ et al. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2530. 2. Mekhail TM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:832. 3. Choueiri TK et al. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:249. 4. Han KR et al. Urology. 2003;61:314.

  15. Advanced RCC • Treatment options other than surgery • Radiotherapy • Not an effective option • Chemotherapy • Not an effective option • Immunotherapy • Limited/some benefit • Targeted therapy • Clinical benefit; active area of research and further refinement 1. National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer statistics fact sheet: cancer of the kidney and renal pelvis. Accessed 2008. 2. Janzen N et al. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:843.

  16. Angiogenesis • Angiogenesis is a key determinant in pathophysiology of RCC1 • RCCs are most vascularized of all solid tumors2 Map of Blood Flow to a Metastatic RCC Lesion 1. Izawa JI, Dinney CP. CMAJ. 2001;164:662. 2. Cristofanilli M et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002;1:415.

  17. Role of VEGF in Angiogenesis Cristofanilli M et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002;1:415.

  18. Growth Factors • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) key growth factor involved in angiogenesis1,2 • VEGF mRNA expression correlates with vascularization • VEGF is overexpressed in most clear-cell RCCs • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) play role in angiogenesis and oncogenesis 1. Cristofanilli M et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002;1:415. 2. De Mulder PH. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:ix98.

  19. EGF ERK RAF MEK Ras PI3K AKT mTOR PDGF VEGF Upregulation in response to HIF-1 transcription Targeting the Molecular Pathways of RCC Oncogenesis bevacizumab sorafenib, sunitinib Endothelial/Tumor cells gefitinib, cetuximab, erlotinib, panitumumab sorafenib Gene expression rapamycin, temsirolimus, everolimus Angiogenesis/Cell proliferation/Cell survival Stadler WM. Cancer. 2005;104:2323.

  20. Clinically Available Targeted Agents for Advanced RCC 4 targeted agents available for advanced RCC 1. Escudier B et al. Lancet. 2007;370:2103. 2. Rini BI et al. 2008 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. Abstract 350. 3. Motzer RJ et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:115. 4. Escudier B et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:125. 5. Hudes G et al. N EngJ Med. 2007;356:2271. ORR=overall response rate; TTP=time to progression

  21. Integrating the Oncology Nurse Into the New Paradigm of Targeted Therapy • The new therapeutic paradigm of molecular-targeted therapy presents new challenges for oncology nurses • Induces tumor stabilization vs complete responses • Controls disease vs curing disease • Unique side-effect profiles • As the landscape of RCC treatment continues to evolve, the nurse remains on the forefront of drug discovery, administration, and adverse event monitoring Moldawer N, Wood LS. Kidney Cancer J. 2006;4:25-32.

  22. Sunitinib • An orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor • Approved for treatment of advanced RCC in January 2006 • Potent inhibitor of VEGFR, PDGFR, and FLT-31 • Has demonstrated efficacy in clear-cell RCC as second-line therapy after IL-23 and as first-line therapy compared with interferon2 1. Abrams TJ, et al. Mol Cancer Ther. 2003;2:471-478. 2. Motzer RJ. JAMA. 2006;295:2516-2524.

  23. Sunitinib: Dosing and Administration 50 mg QD 4 weeks on 2 weeks off1 • May be taken with or without food • Sunitinib and its active metabolite metabolized primarily by CYP3A4 • Requires dose adjustment when administered with CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers2 • Important to assess any concomitant medications patient is taking 1.Faivre S, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:25-35. 2. Hiles JJ, Kolesar JM. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008;65:123-131.

  24. Sunitinib:Most Common Adverse Events (≥20%) Sutent® (sunitinib) Full Prescribing Information. Pfizer Inc. October 2007.

  25. Sorafenib • An orally administered multikinase inhibitor • Approved for treatment of advanced RCC in December 2005 • Inhibits VEGFR 1, 2, and 3, PDGFR, FLT-3, c-Kit, and RET kinases1,2 • Has demonstrated efficacy as second-line monotherapy in metastatic RCC3,4 1.Bhojani N, et al. Eur Urol. 2008;53:917-930. 2. Wilhelm SM, et al. Cancer Res. 2004;64:7099-7109. 3. Ratain MJ, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2505-2512. 4. Escudier B et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:125.

  26. Sorafenib: Dosing and Administration • Formulated as a 200-mg tablet • Daily dosing of 400 mg BID • If dose reduction is required, dose may be reduced to: • 400 mg QD, and subsequently to • 400 mg QOD • Primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and undergoes glucuronidation Moldawer N, Wood LS. Kidney Cancer J. 2006;4:25-32.

  27. Sorafenib:Most Common Adverse Events (≥20%) Nexavar® (sorafenib) Full Prescribing Information. Bayer HealthCare. 2008.

  28. Sunitinib and Sorafenib Adverse Events:Nursing Implications1,2 • Diarrhea • Treat initially with diet modification (low residue) and loperamide • If loperamide insufficient, give diphenoxylate HCl with atropine • Additional options include tincture of opium, Culturelle (oral probiotic), and Dannon yogurt containing bifidobacterium • Fatigue • Adjust activities to allow for rest periods and maximize fluid and caloric intake 1. Wood LS. Oncology Nurs News. 2007;3:19-20. 2. Wood LS. Oncology Nurs News. 2007;4:37-38.

  29. Sunitinib and Sorafenib Adverse Events:Nursing Implications1,2 (cont.) • Functional or clinical mucositis Dietary modifications • Avoidance of carbonated beverages and spicy foods • Eating foods at room temperature Medications • Topical lidocaine or Xylocaine • BMX Solution (Benadryl/Mylanta, Xylocaine) • Rincinol (OTC topical solution containing aloe vera) • Nystatin suspension or clotrimazole troches for clinical mucositis 1. Wood LS. Oncology Nurs News. 2007;3:19-20. 2. Wood LS. Oncology Nurs News. 2007;4:37-38.

  30. Sunitinib and Sorafenib Adverse Events:Nursing Implications1,2 (cont.) • Taste changes and anorexia • Maximize caloric intake • Encourage 6 small meals per day • Use of flavorings and gravy to enhance food taste • Hand-foot reaction • Liberal use of emollients • Avoid activities that cause pressure, abrasion, or irritation to hands and feet • Application of Udderly Smooth lotion BID Other options include: • Bag Balm • Aveeno Skin Relief Moisturizing Cream • Aveeno Intense Relief Foot Cream • Kerasal ointment • Keralec cream • Zim’s Crack Crème • Biafine Topical Emulsion 1. Wood LS. Oncology Nurs News. 2007;3:19-20. 2. Wood LS. Oncology Nurs News. 2007;4:37-38.

  31. Bevacizumab • Monoclonal antibody to VEGF active in multiple tumor types • First biological antiangiogenic agent approved by US FDA • Approved for use in colorectal, non-small cell lung, and metastatic breast cancers1 • Phase 3 studies are evaluating bevacizumab in a variety of solid tumor types2 1. Avastin® (bevacizumab) Full Prescribing Information. Genentech, Inc. March 2008. 2. National Cancer Institute website. http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search.

  32. Bevacizumab: Dosing and Administration • Usual dosage of bevacizumab for treatment of colorectal cancer is 5 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks • Dosage in investigational trials of RCC has generally been 10 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks1,2 • Can be associated with hypersensitivity reactions 1. Hainsworth JD, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7889-7996. 2. Bukowski RM, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4536-4541.

  33. Bevacizumab: Serious Adverse Events (≥10%) aPercent of patients with grade 3 toxic effects b≥1+ or ≥150 mg/24 hrs Grade 3 hypertension was defined as hypertension not completely controlled by one standard medication Grade 3 proteinuria was defined as urinary excretion of >3.5 g of protein per 24 hrs Yang CH, et al. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:427-434.

  34. Bevacizumab Adverse Events:Nursing Implications • Bleeding • Obtain patient history of unusual bleeding or clotting, GI perforation, and use of anticoagulants • Avoid anticoagulant therapy if possible, especially concomitant use of bevacizumab with warfarin and 5-FU • Educate patient about signs of bleeding (ie, epistaxis, bleeding gums during tooth brushing, red or black, tarry stools, vomiting blood) • Thrombosis • Educate patient about signs of thrombosis that include • Sudden chest pain • Difficulty breathing Ignoffo RJ. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004;61(Suppl 5):21-26.

  35. Bevacizumab Adverse Events:Nursing Implications (cont.) • Hypertension • Establish baseline blood pressure (BP) and monitor weekly during therapy • Ensure that patient has a BP monitor at home • Continue antiphypertensive therapy in patients already taking it when bevacizumab is initiated • Consult MD to initiate mild antihypertensive if patient develops hypertension during bevacizumab therapy • Consider using ACE inhibitor and avoid antihypertensive agents that inhibit CYP3A4 (eg, verapamil, diltiazem) • Proteinuria • Monthly monitoring of renal function and serum protein concentration Ignoffo RJ. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004;61(Suppl 5):21-26.

  36. Temsirolimus • An inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, a component of intracellular signaling pathways1 • Binds to an abundant intracellular protein FKBP-12, forming a complex that inhibits mTOR2,3 • First mTOR inhibitor approved for treatment of advanced RCC • Approved by FDA on May 30, 2007 • 1. Schmelzle T, Hall MN. Cell. 2000;103:253-262. • 2. Skotnicki JS, et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(Suppl):3749-3750. • 3. Harding MW. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:2882-2886.

  37. Temsirolimus: Dosing and Administration • Approved dose for advanced RCC is 25 mg IV weekly over a 30- to 60-minute period • Patients should receive prophylactic diphenhydramine 2550 mg IV prior to the start of each dose • If patient develops a hypersensitivity reaction during infusion: • Stop infusion • Observe patient at least 3060 minutes • Notify MD • Treatment may be resumed at discretion of MD with administration of an H1-receptor antagonist (eg, diphenhydramine), if not previously administered, and/or an H2-receptor antagonist (eg, famotidine 20 mg IV or ranitidine 50 mg IV) 30 minutes before restarting temsirolimus • Extend infusion time to 60 minutes Torisel™ (temsirolimus) Full Prescribing Information. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. May 2007.

  38. Temsirolimus:Most Common Adverse Events (≥30%) Torisel™ (temsirolimus) Full Prescribing Information. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. May 2007.

  39. Temsirolimus Adverse Events:Nursing Implications • Rash • Observe for acne-like rash • Consider antihistamines for itching • Counsel patient to use skin emollients, avoid agents that cause skin drying effects, and avoid sun exposure • Anemia • Monitor hemoglobin and hematocrit regularly during therapy • Anorexia • Maximize caloric intake

  40. Temsirolimus Adverse Events:Nursing Implications (cont.) • Hyperlipidemia • Monitor serum cholesterol and triglycerides prior to and during therapy • Hyperglycemia • Monitor serum glucose prior to and periodically during therapy • Infection • Monitor for sore throat, appearance of sputum, urine, and stool • Monitor vital signs regularly • Educate patient about recognizing signs of infection

  41. Temsirolimus Adverse Events:Nursing Implications (cont.) • Interaction with CYP3A4 inhibitors • Avoid concomitant use of temsirolimus with: • Grapefruit juice • Ketoconazole • Itraconazole • Clarithromycin • Atazanavir • Indinavir • Nefazodone • Nelfinavir • Ritonavir • Saquinavir • Telithromycin • Vorizonazole Torisel™ (temsirolimus) Full Prescribing Information. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. May 2007.

  42. Temsirolimus Adverse Events:Nursing Implications (cont.) • Interaction with CYP3A4 inducers • Avoid concomitant use of temsirolimus with: • Dexamethasone • Phenytoin • Carbamazepine • Phenobarbital • Rifampin • Rifabutin Torisel™ (temsirolimus) Full Prescribing Information. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. May 2007.

  43. NCCN Guidelines:Explanation of Categories of Evidence • Category 1 • Recommendation based on high-level evidence (ie, high-powered randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses) • NCCN Guidelines Panel has reached uniform consensus that the recommendation is indicated • Category 2A • Recommendation based on lower-level evidence • Lower-level evidence is interpreted broadly and may range from phase 2 to large cohort studies to case studies • In many instances, retrospective studies derived from clinical experience of treating large numbers of patients and Guidelines Panel members have first-hand knowledge of data National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at: http://www.nccn.org.

  44. NCCN Guidelines:Explanation of Categories of Evidence • Category 2B • Recommendation based on lower-level evidence • There is nonuniform consensus that the recommendation should be made • In these instances, institutions take different approaches to the management of a particular clinical scenario • Category 3 • Including the recommendation has engendered a major disagreement among NCCN Guidelines Panel members • Level of evidence not pertinent in this category because experts can disagree about the significance of high-level trials National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at: http://www.nccn.org.

  45. NCCN Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Kidney Cancer FIRST-LINE THERAPY Clinical trial or Sunitinib (category 1) or Temsirolimus for poor-prognosis patientsa (category 1) or Bevacizumab + IFN or High-dose IL-2 for selected patients or Sorafenib for selected patients and Best supportive careb Predominant clear cell histology Relapse or Stage IV and medically or surgically unresectable aTemsirolimus indicated for poor-prognosis patients, defined as those with ≥3 predictors of short survival bBest supportive care can include palliative RT, metastasectomy or biphosphonates for bony metastasis NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. 2007;v. 1. 2008.

  46. NCCN Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Kidney Cancer FIRST-LINE THERAPY (cont.) Clinical trial (preferred) or Temsirolimusa (category 1 for poor-prognosis, category 2A for other risk groups) or Sorafenib or Sunitinib or Chemotherapy (category 3): Gemcitabine or capecitabine or floxuridine or 5-FU or doxorubicin (in sarcomatoid only) and Best supportive careb Relapse or Stage IV and medically or surgically unresectable Non clear cell histology aTemsirolimus indicated for poor-prognosis patients, defined as those with ≥3 predictors of short survival bBest supportive care can include palliative RT, metastasectomy or biphosphonates for bony metastasis NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. 2007;v. 1. 2008.

  47. NCCN Practice Guidelines in Oncology:Kidney Cancer SUBSEQUENT THERAPY Clinical trial (preferred) or Sorafenib (category 1 following cytokine therapy and category 2A following TKI) or Sunitinib (category 1 following cytokine therapy and category 2A following TKI) or Temsirolimus (category 2A following cytokine therapy and category 2B following TKI) or IFN (category 2B) or High dose IL-2 (category 2B) or Low dose IL-2 + IFN (category 2B) or Bevacizumab and Best supportive carea Progression aBest supportive care can include palliative RT, metastasectomy or biphosphonates for bony metastasis NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. 2007;v. 1. 2008.

  48. Targeted Therapies:Patient Education and Management • Assess patient at initiation of therapy • Establish treatment schedule and regularly scheduled visits with healthcare provider • Ensure that patient sees an MD or RN at the beginning of each treatment cycle • Provide both written and verbal instructions about RCC treatment and side effect management • Patient should be instructed to contact healthcare provider immediately when experiencing any side effects • Document therapy and response to treatment on appropriate medication flow sheets and nursing notes Moore SH. Online educational activity – 2006.

  49. Summary • 3 targeted therapies are currently FDA-approved for treatment of advanced RCC • Targeted therapies have manageable side effects with appropriate nursing interventions • Patients have prolonged survival with control of their cancer • Identified prognostic factors correlate with prognosis and treatment decisions (NCCN guidelines)

  50. Future Considerations • Do these targeted therapies have a role in the adjuvant setting? • Do combinations of these targeted therapies offer better clinical results or cause increased toxicity? • Patient preference: oral or IV therapy?

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