Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 The Nation Divides Lesson 1: Regional Disagreements

2. The North Many factories and a large population People began moving to the cities to work Immigrants moved to the North to work in the factories Population grew rapidly to over 19 million PEOPLE!!! Less people were farming Remaining farms were small & didn’t require many workers

3. The South A few factories were built, but farming was the most common way to earn a living. Most were small, one-family farms They cut lumber, raised cattle, and raised just enough food for their own families Very few farmers could afford to own slaves; only the most wealthy plantation owners were slave owners

4. Plantation Life Huge plantations were owned by wealthy planters • Needed many workers and most used slave labor • Plantations were so large & distant from each other that they became almost self-sufficient, like small towns • Plantations grew enough food to be self-sufficient, but usually grew “cash crops” such as tobacco and cotton, that were sold to businesses in the North or Europe

5. Division Over Slaves The lack of large farms in the North was one reason why Northern states had already abolishedslavery In the South the number of slaves increased as the plantations grew in size. ABOLISHED – ended (p.51) SLAVERY – practice of holding people against their will and making them work without pay (p.51)

6. Differences Over Trade Northern industries wanted high tariffs in order to protect their factories and laborers from cheaper European products The collected tariffs were used to fund public projects in the North such as improvements to roads, harbors and rivers. From 1789 to 1845, the North received five times the amount of money that was spent on southern projects TARIFFS – taxes on manufactured goods (p.52)

7. Disagreements Grow The South didn’t like depending on the North’s manufactured goods They thought the North was getting RICH off of them Many national leaders worked for their own sections, or regions, rather than for the whole country. This practice is known as sectionalism. SECTIONALISM – regional loyalty (p.52)

8. Debate About States’ Rights STATES’ RIGHTS – the idea that the states, not the federal government, should have the final say in their own affairs (p.52)

9. Division Over Slavery Territories in the West continued to grow Settlers from the South who moved west took their slaves Settlers from the North who moved west didn’t own slaves and thought slavery was wrong WHO would WIN?? As the territories became states, would they become a free state or a slave state? TERRITORY – land that belongs to a nation but is not a state and is not represented in the national government (p.53) FREE STATE – did not allow slavery (p.53) SLAVE STATE- did allow slavery (p.53)

10. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 Everything was EVEN until Missouri wanted to became a state. Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state Congress agreed to let Missouri join as a slave state as long as Maine was allowed to join as a free state to keep the balance A line would be drawn on the map where slavery would be allowed SOUTH of the line, and not be allowed NORTH of the line COMPROMISE – an agreement in which each side gives up something that it wants. (p.53)

11. Solutions to the Problem • North of the line = Free States • South of the line = Slave states

12. Results of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 • Kept the peace for nearly 30 years • Six new states joined the Union – 3 slave and 3 free….still equal in number • AND THEN along came…California

13. Another Compromise is Needed In 1848 the U.S. gained new lands after winning the Mexican-American War Settlers in California, a part of the new lands, asked to join the Union as a free state but it would give the free states an advantage in the Senate which scared the southern leaders

14. The Compromise of 1850 California = free state The rest of the lands gained from Mexico were divided into 2 territories: New Mexico and Utah New Mexico and Utah territories = people would decide The Fugitive Slave Act was part of the compromise

15. Fugitive Slave Act • A new law that said: • Anyone caught helping slaves escape would be punished. • If you found a runaway slave, you had to return them to their owner. • Very unpopular in the North • FUGITIVE – Someone who escapes from the law

16. Hopes for Peace Fade • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Gave people living there the choice by voting • Hundreds moved in to “vote” on whether to be a free or slave state. • Tempers FLARED and over 200 people were killed in the dispute • Nicknamed “ Bleeding Kansas”