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Invertebrates. Anatomy and Physiology in Invertebrates. Support and Movement. Almost all animals have muscle-like tissue for movement Three types of skeletons: Hydrostatic skeleton Exoskeleton Endoskeleton. Hydrostatic Skeleton. Muscles supported by a water-filled body cavity
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Invertebrates Anatomy and Physiology in Invertebrates
Support and Movement • Almost all animals have muscle-like tissue for movement • Three types of skeletons: • Hydrostatic skeleton • Exoskeleton • Endoskeleton
Hydrostatic Skeleton • Muscles supported by a water-filled body cavity • No hard structures for muscles to pull against • Push against the water in the body cavity • Cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, mollusks, annelids
Exoskeleton • External skeleton, muscles attached inside • Arthropods have exoskeletons made of chitin • Exoskeletons are thin and flexible at joints, allowing for flexion and extension • Very adaptable, very strong • Drawbacks are that the animal must shed it and grow a new one as it gets larger, and it is heavy
Endoskeleton • Present in sponges and echinoderms (also in vertebrates) • Internal skeleton
Feeding and Digestion • Intracellular digestion vs extracellular digestion • Sponges filter food particles from the water and digestion is intracellular with nutrients being distributed among cells
Feeding and Digestion • Cnidarians and flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity • Digestive sac with a single opening – food enters, wastes leave • Food particles broken down into smaller pieces, then are taken up by cells lining the cavity and digestion is intracellular
Feeding and Digestion • Extracellular digestion takes place in annelids, mollusks, arthropods, invertebrate chordates • Tube within a tube digestive system – food enters through mouth and leaves through anus, digestive tract forms a separate tube within the body • Food is digested extracellulary in digestive tract and nutrients are absorbed
Internal Transport • Constant supply of oxygen and nutrients necessary for survival • Carbon dioxide and posionous wastes need to be eliminated • Invertebrates like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, and nematodes do not have circulatory systems – all done by diffusion
Internal Transport • More complex invertebrates (and vertebrates) have circulatory systems, which include one or more pumps and tubes that move things around within the body • Open and closed circulatory systems
Open Circulatory System • Blood from heart is not entirely contained within blood vessels • Heart pumps blood through a series of vessels, and it is released directly onto body tissues • Flows through tissues and is collected in sinuses, eventually flowing back to heart • Seen in some types of mollusks (clams, oysters), arthropods, echinoderms
Closed Circulatory System • Blood contained within a system of closed vessels that pass through various parts of the body and return to the heart • Blood does not come in direct contact with tissues – more rapid and efficient • Seen in some mollusks (squids, octopuses), and annelids
Respiration (gas exchange) • Small soft-bodied invertebrates exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by diffusion through body surfaces • Two respiratory problems: • Respiratory system must have large surface area to allow for enough gas exchange to support organism’s demands • Surface of organs must be kept wet because diffusion can only take place across moist membranes
Respiration (gas exchange) • Animals that live in water do not have these problems (sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, echinoderms) • Mollusks and crustaceans have gills, which are rich in blood vessels and provide a large surface area for gas exchange
Respiration (gas exchange) • Terrestrial invertebrates have special organs for breathing air • Spiders have book lungs – sheet-like layers of thin tissue that contain blood vessels • Insects have trachea – tubes that bring air to each body cell
Excretion (waste elimination) • Related to maintaining proper water balance • Ammonia is a highly toxic, water soluble byproduct of the breakdown of amino acids – carried in blood and body fluids • Eliminating ammonia means eliminating water
Excretion (waste elimination) • Marine invertebrates (like sponges, cnidarians) have thin bodies and get rid of ammonia by diffusion through body surfaces or gill surfaces • Freshwater flatworms have flame cells, which remove water and water soluble wastes • Flame cells form a network that empties water and wastes through opening in the skin • Can also diffuse waste
Excretion (waste elimination) • Annelids, mollusks, invertebrate chordates have nephridia – structures that remove wastes from body fluids and return water and solutes to the body • Waste products eliminated as urine
Excretion (waste elimination) • Land invertebrates convert ammonia into urea (less toxic) which is concentrated into urine and expelled • Insects and some spiders convert ammonia into uric acid, which is removed by Malpighian tubules – uric acid excreted with solid waste, conserving water
Response • All animals have some sort of nervous system, with individual nerve cells functioning the same • Primitive invertebrates have a nerve net spreading through their body • Some cnidarians (jellyfish) show centralization where nerve cells are more concentrated, forming nerve cords or rings around the mouth
Response • Cephalization comes with concentrations of nerve and sensory cells in the head • Primitive flatworms have ganglia (clumps of nerve cells) while insects and some mollusks have actual brains • Brains lead to nerve cords
Response • Along with nervous development comes increased sensory development • Flatworms have eye spots • Insects have well developed, compound eyes
Reproduction • All invertebrates are capable of sexual reproduction, though some also reproduce asexually • Sexual reproduction creates and helps maintain genetic variation