Dr. Martin S. Shapiro California State University, Fresno Dr. Spencer Behmer Oxford University

1. Learning in an insect herbivore: How rewards affect color and odor discrimination in a hungry locust. • Dr. Martin S. Shapiro • California State University, Fresno • Dr. Spencer Behmer • Oxford University • Corlisa Belt • Oxford University

2. Animals in Psychology

3. Mollusks

4. Honeybees

5. Schistocerca gregaria

6. Two-Sided Y-Maze Two-sided Y-maze

7. Enclosure

8. Experiment 1 • Color discrimination: Yellow and Green. • Amount of reward: 3 mg vs. 12 mg wheat grass. • Nine choices: Equated experience with both options. • Measured: Choice and response Latency. • n = 12

9. Enter Time Choice of Green

10. Approach Time

11. Exit Time

12. Forced Exposure

14. Choice of Yellow

15. CHOICE

16. CHOICE

17. Enter Time

18. Approach Time

19. Exit Time

20. Experiment 2 • Odor Discrimination: Peppermint and Lemon. • Amount of reward: 3 mg vs. 12 mg. • Nine choices: Equated experience with both options. • Reversed: Rewards reversed for each option for an additional 9 choice runs (18 choices in total). • n = 12

21. Odor Arm

22. CHOICE

23. CHOICE

24. Enter Time

25. Approach Time

26. Exit Time

27. Experiment 3 • Odor Discrimination: Peppermint and Lemon. • Artificial Diet: • 21% protein : 21% carbohydrate • 7% protein : 7% carbohydrate • Nine choices: Equated Experience with both options. • n = 12

28. CHOICE

29. Enter Time

30. Approach Time P = 0.038

31. Exit Time

32. Summary • Good choice results. • Good discrimination of color and odor. (odor showed less bias.) • Approach time was significant in all three experiments. by latency

33. Continuing work at Cal State Fresnowith Schistocerca americana

34. Future Experiments • Delay to Reinforcement. • Self Control. • Risk Sensitivity. • Energy Expenditures. • Effects of Carbohydrates and Proteins on Learning. • Nutrient-Specific Deprivation. • Risk Sensitivity with variability in specific nutrients.

35. THANK YOU!!!