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The Crusades

The Crusades. Background—the Eastern and Western Christian Churches. During the early Middle Ages, the Eastern and Western halves of Europe grew further apart—politically, culturally, and religiously The Eastern bishops never fully accepted the authority of the popes 1054—The “Great Schism”

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The Crusades

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  1. The Crusades

  2. Background—the Eastern and Western Christian Churches • During the early Middle Ages, the Eastern and Western halves of Europe grew further apart—politically, culturally, and religiously • The Eastern bishops never fully accepted the authority of the popes • 1054—The “Great Schism” • Controversy centered on Eastern churches’ use of icons • The Schism occurred when the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other • Despite their conflicts, Eastern and Western Christians still saw each other as allies against the “infidel” Muslims

  3. Background—Trouble for the Byzantines • In the mid-1000s, the Seljuk Turks gained control of the Arab Empire • These aggressive warriors conquered a large amount of territory from the Byzantine Empire • In 1095, Emperor AlexiosKomnenos sent envoys to Rome, to request military assistance from the Pope and Western Christians

  4. Pope Urban Preaches the Crusade • At the Council of Clermont in late 1095, Pope Urban III urged all French knights to join a crusade to aid the Byzantine Empire • Word of the Crusade spread from Clermont to other parts of Western Europe • As word spread, a new goal of recapturing the Holy City of Jerusalem replaced aid for the Byzantines • Any knight who “took up the cross” (joined the Crusade) received forgiveness for his sins

  5. The First Crusade • Dates: 1096-1099 • Leaders: Mostly French barons • Results • The First Crusade was mostly successful; the Crusaders laid siege to and captured the cities of Antioch and Jerusalem • After capturing the cities, they massacred the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, and pillaged the cities • Four “Crusader States” were established in the Holy Land: • Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem

  6. The Crusader States

  7. Later Crusades • The Second Crusade • Dates: 1147-1149 • Leaders: King Louis VII (France); Emperor Conrad III (Germany/ “Holy Roman Emperor) • Result: The Second Crusade failed to recapture any significant territory from the resurgent Muslims • The Third Crusade • Dates: 1187-1192 • Leaders: King Richard I (England); King Phillip II (France) • Result: The Third Crusade recaptured some territory (including the cities of Acre and Jaffa), but failed to re-take Jerusalem • At the end of the Crusade, King Richard and Sultan Saladin signed a peace treaty which granted Christian pilgrims the right to visit Jerusalem • The Fourth Crusade • Dates: 1202-1204 • Result: The Crusaders were distracted from their goal of retaking Jerusalem, and instead—at the urging of the Doge of Venice—laid siege to Constantinople, capitol of the Byzantine Empire! !

  8. Purposes Served by the Crusades • 1) Directed the militarism of Feudal Europe towards external enemies • Why do you think this was important? • 2) Provided opportunities for the younger sons of nobles to win land for themselves

  9. Results of the Crusades • 1) Increased the power and influence of the Pope • 2) Decreased feudal warfare within Western Europe • 3) Left a legacy of bitterness and mistrust between Western Europe and the Muslim World

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