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The Learned Dog. Class 2: Dog training through the centuries. A couple of quick things. Details on open-book/take-home “quizzes” will be emailed out March 10th and April 14th due the following class (March 17th & April 21st)
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The Learned Dog • Class 2: Dog training through the centuries...
A couple of quick things... • Details on open-book/take-home “quizzes” • will be emailed out March 10th and April 14th • due the following class (March 17th & April 21st) • if you need an extension, I will grant NQA extension to the following week • Clicker Basics available from www.cleanrun.com • Next week: Temple Grandin
The Brain Trust • McGyver & Gypsy
The Brain Trust • Toby & Shadow
The Brain Trust • The Feline Perspective
The Brain Trust • Amanda
Ancient Greece: horses • Xenophon (1962 reprint of 1894 translation of original greek). The Art of Horsemanship. London, UK, J.A. Allen. • Importance of socialization • Association incl. Law of Effect & Premack • Dealing with fear
Ancient Greece: dogs • Hull, D. B. (1964). Hounds and Hunting in Ancient Greece. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press. • Xenophon’s (well somebody’s) Cynegeticus circa 400BC • Arrian’s Cynegeticus circa 100 AD
Europe, pre-late 19th century • Rossignol, J. E. L. (1892). "The Training of Animals." The American Journal of Psychology 5(2): 205-213. • Survey of books on animal training (1750 on) • Observational learning • Luring • Role of instinct • Splitting not lumping • Imprinting and developmental environment
Mid to late 19th century (America) • Hammond, S. T. S. (1885). Practical Dog Training; or Training vs. Breaking. NY, NY, Forest & Stream Publishing Co. • Response to harsh training techniques of the day: positive reinforcement vs. punishment
Traditional terrier trainers... • Lee, R. (1889). A history and description with reminiscences of the Fox Terrier. London, UK, Horace Cox. • Bristow-Noble, J. C. (1919). Working Terriers. London, UK, F.V. White & Co., LTD. • Smith, A. C., Ed. (1937). Terriers, their training, working and management. London, UK, Seeley, Service & Co. Ltd. • Plummer, D. B. (1978). The Working Terrier. Ipswich, UK, The Boydell Press. • Plummer, D. B. (1980). The Complete Jack Russell Terrier. Ipswich, UK, The Boydell Press.
Germany, 1910: a book that presages many of the key ideas in modern training • Most, K. (1910, reprinted 2001). Training Dogs: A Manual. Wenatchee, WA, Dogwise Press. • “Most demonstrated an understanding of operant conditioning concepts such as primary and secondary reinforcement, shaping and chaining 28 years before the publication of B.F. Skinner’s The Behavior of Organisms. “ • Burch, M. R. and J. S. Bailey (1999). How Dogs Learn. New York, NY, Howell Book House. • Big believer in negative reinforcement (compulsion) followed by immediate positive reinforcement • First that I have found to use “pack” as a training idea
Time line of dog training in the US Burch, M. R. and J. S. Bailey (1999). How Dogs Learn. New York, NY, Howell Book House.
The Learned Dog – Class 2 • Recent History of Dog Training
Influences of the 50’s and 60’s • AKC Obedience trials gain popularity • Companion dog training is introduced to public • Blanche Saunders & Helene Whitehouse Walker • The Complete Book of Dog Obedience, 1954 and The Story of Dog Obedience, 1974 both by Saunders • Saunders a student of Weber • Weber a student of Col. Konrad Most • “Traditional Training” came from military dog training via Most and his book Training Dogs – A Manual of 1910
Influential Trainers of the 50’s and 60’s • Winfred Strickland • A student of Saunders • Competitor, AKC judge, author • Shift towards more positive training methods • Milo Pearsall • Published in 1958 Dog Obedience Training • Uses both R+ and punishment, known as a gentler approach • Did seminars and clinics
Influential Trainers of the 60’s and 70’s • William Koehler • Military and police dog training • Hollywood dogs • Published, The Koehler Method of Training, 1962 • Method focuses on punishment vs. positive • Very stressful for dogs and trainers • Anecdotal Info: He used R+ in his training for • Hollywood • Very influential throughout the 70’s and 80’s
Influential Trainers of the 60’s and 70’s • Barbara Woodhouse • One of the first TV dog trainers! • “Walkies” ! • Became a household name via TV and books • Training becomes popular with the pet owner • She used both punishment and some positive • Mathew Margolis, “Uncle Matty” • A big influence via TV and books • Leans towards more praise
Influential Trainers of the 80’s and 90’s • We begin to move towards the positive… • Jack and Wendy Volhard and Gail Fisher • Bring a methodical view to obedience and pet dog training • Bring a methodical view to train trainers • Dr. Ian Dunbar • The father of puppy and positive food training • Via books, videos, seminars and TV series • Really pushed the importance of training pet dogs • The catalyst for Association of Pet Dog Trainers
Influential Trainers of the 80’s and 90’s • Karen Pryor writes Don’t Shoot the Dog • A guide to interpersonal relationships which brings operant conditioning to the light • Karen Pryor & Gary Wilkes • Begin to really push clicker training with dogs around 1992 with lectures around the country
Present day training • An Industry grows • Internet • Training & Behavior Associations Association examples: APDT, CCPDT • Independent Certification available • CPDT Certified Pet Dog Trainer • Science based training using more positive reinforcement grows • A more educated consumer • Education opportunities for trainers expand • Move away from obedience clubs to training centers
Present day training • Sometimes a step backwards • Media trainers • Quick fixes for the public • Can be dangerous for dogs and people • The current science trends are looking at • Cognition and animals • Emotions in humans and animals • How emotions effects learning • As time goes on this is and will have an impact on dog training
The take home message... • There has been a continuing ebb and flow of... • the relative emphasis on reinforcement vs. punishment • the relative importance of understanding • the natural behavior of dogs • dogs as pack animals (and humans as members of the pack...) • the interplay between genetics, development and training, i.e., the limits of training
Key questions... • Associations... • What gets associated with what? • Event & Event, Event & Action, Action & Outcome • What determines if an association gets made? • Repetition, surprise, importance, contiguity & order in time & space? • Are all associations made equally easily & quickly, and if not, why not? • Are the rules the same regardless of the type of association?
Key questions • What is the role of variability vs. consistency? • Why are each important? • When is variability important, when is consistency important? • What is the role of surprise? • When does the most rapid learning occur?
Key questions • What, Why and How of different training techniques? • Reward • Punishment • Shaping • Luring • When is each appropriate? Side-effects?
Key questions • Different techniques for different audiences? • Skilled trainers • People who are learning how to be trainers while training their own dog • People who “just want” a well-behaved dog
The big challenge moving forward... • Training requires a variety of skills: observation, timing, analysis... • Learning on the job, and their goal is typically a dog that doesn’t do X and comes when they are called, not becoming a better trainer. How do we make this easier? • Operant & classical conditioning are only one part of the puzzle, but we are still finding our way with respect to understanding the role of emotion. • Training is only one part of the equation of what a dog will become. We need to approach the problem holistically: genetics, development, training & environment. But this is anything but simple.