Japan ’ s Foreign Policy and Regionalism : Historical Perspective

1. Japan’s Foreign Policy and Regionalism: Historical Perspective June 1, 2006 Regional Anatomy I Ken JIMBO

2. Regionalism in Asia-Pacific / East AsiaPolitical & Security Dimension 1) April 13 Overview and Introduction: What is Regionalism? 2) April 20 Regionalism & Regional Integration 3) April 27 Regionalism in Asia 4) May 11 East Asian Community and East Asian Summit 5) May 18 New Dynamics of Security in East Asia 6) May 24 Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Regional Perspective 7) June 1 Japan’s Foreign Policy and Regionalism 1)

3. Japan and the ‘Region’ • Geo-politics and Japan • Eastern end of Eurasia continent • Distant from continental powers (China, Russia) • Monsoon climate • Maritime power • Geo-politics • The links and causal relationships between political power and geographic space • ―Oyvind Osterud, “The Uses and Abuses of Geopolitics”, • Journal of Peace Research, no. 2, 1988

4. Historical Perspective of Region: A View from Japan 1) • Early Meiji-Era • Territorial Sovereignty • Mainland (Honshu), Shikoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido, Okinawa, Chishima • Sino-Japan War / Japan-Russo War • Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) • Liaodong（遼東）Peninsula • Taiwan • The Pescadores （澎湖諸島） • Treaty of Portsmouth (1904) • Southern Sakhalin （南樺太） • Lease of Manchuria Railroad （満州鉄道）

5. Historical Perspective of JapanA View from Japan 2) • Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere（大東亜共栄圏） • Japanese Claim • Attempts by Japan to create a self-sufficient bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of Western powers • Japanese Annexation and Colonization • Manchuria (1905-) • Korea (1910-) • Eastern China • Indo-China Peninsula • Borneo, New Guinea, Solomon, Guadalcanal

6. San Francisco System • San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951) • The document officially renounces rights to Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), (Hong Kong), the Kuril Islands, the Pescadores, Spratly Islands, Antarctica and the Sakhalin Island. • Article 3 of the treaty formally put the Ryukyu Islands, which included Okinawa, and the Amami, Miyako, and Yaeyama island groups, under U.S. trusteeship. (The Amami Island group was eventually ceded back in 1953, and Ryukyus in 1972) • Japan-US Security Treaty (1951, Revised in 1960) • ARTICLE V Each Party recognizes that an armed attack against either Party in the territories under the administration of Japan would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional provisions and processes • ARTICLE VI For the purpose of contributing to the security of Japan and the maintenance of international peace and security in the Far East, the United States of America is granted the use by its land, air and naval forces of facilities and areas in Japan.

7. Post-War Economic Outreach • Official Development Assistance (ODA) • Origins • The ODA started on October 5, 1954, when Japan joined the Colombo Plan • Establishment of JICA/OECF • ‘Quasi-’ War Compensation • Burma, Philippines, Indonesia… • Commercial Liberalism • Promotion of Exporting Japanese Goods • Korean War (1950-) • Light Industry to Heavy Industry

8. Divided Notion of “Asia” • Historical Debate • “Leaving Asia, Entering Europe” • Rich Nation, Strong Army • Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • Post-War China Question • Pro-China Group • Pro-Taiwan Group

9. “1955 Regime” and Divided Concept of Region • Conservatives vs Reformist • Liberal Democratic Party • Yoshida Doctrine / Japan-US Security Treaty • Japan Socialist Party • Non-Military / Neutrality • Logic of ‘Stability’ in ‘55 Regime’ • Pre-Determined Harmony • Economic Development / Low-key Posture on Defense Policy • Re-Distribution Policy • Sub-urban develoment, social security, progressive taxation • Cf. Post-War Italian Politics • Christian Democratic Party • Italian Communist Party

10. Nixon Doctrine and Japan 1) • Nixon Doctrine (1969,1970) • First, the United States will keep all of its treaty commitments. • Second, we shall provide a shield if a nuclear power threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our security. • Third, in cases involving other types of aggression, we shall furnish military and economic assistance when requested in accordance with our treaty commitments. But we shall look to the nation directly threatened to assume the primary responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense. • Sato-Nixon Joint Statement (1969) • “…stated that the security of the Republic of Korea was essential to Japan's own security” • “…the maintenance of peace and security in the Taiwan area was also important for peace and security of Japan”

11. Nixon Doctrine and Japan 2) • Japan-China Rapprochement • Nixon-Kissinger Visit (1970-71) • Japan-China Normalization (1972) • Japan-Korea Cooperation • Industrial Cooperation (POSCO) • Non-Lethal Heavy Industy • Japan-ASEAN Cooperation • Tanaka Visit (1974) • Fukuda Doctrine (1977) New Dimension of Japan’s Asia Policy

12. Wake of ‘Regionalization’ in Asia • ‘De Facto’ Economic Integration • Japan’s Economic Success • Foreign aid, trade, investment and technology transfer • ‘Flying Geese’ Model (Kojima, 2001) • Production Networks • Fragmentation Model • Production Cycle Model (R. Vernon, 1966) • Benefit of export-oriented ‘late comer’

13. Production Networks of Japanese Firms • Fragmentation Model (F. Kimura, 1993)

14. Rise of Regionalization • Asia-Pacific Regional Framework and Japan • APEC • 1989 Member of APEC • 1994 Bogor Declaration • ARF • 1991 Nakayama Proposal • 1994 Member of ARF

15. Rise of Regionalization • East Asia • ASEAN+3 • East Asian Summit • Northeast Asia • Six-Party Talks • North East Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD)