Lyon Case Study Gilles Pinson, Lise Maitrallet, Christelle Morel-Journel

1. ESPON / CAEE - Manchester Seminar 2/3 December 2010 Lyon Case Study Gilles Pinson, Lise Maitrallet, Christelle Morel-Journel Sciences-Po Lyon – Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Etienne Triangle (UMR 5206) – EVS (UMR 5600)

2. 1. Lyon: situation and main features • Population: • Lyon: 0.48 M • Grand Lyon: 1.4 M • Aire urbaine de Lyon: 1.75 M • Région urbaine de Lyon: 2.9 M • 2nd largest French urban region; 2nd economic pole • Region Rhône-Alpes (5.46 M): 1st French industrial region

3. 2. Lyon: economic, social and spatial change • Sprawl, reurbanisation and polarisation (Greater Lyon) • Population evolution from 1975 to 2006 (INSEE)

4. 2. Lyon: economic, social and spatial change • Economic geography (Greater Lyon): • Global raise in jobs number (metropolitanisation) • Decentralisation of jobs and industries towards East • Core cities (Lyon, Villeurbanne) and eastern working and middle classes communes are were jobs are located

5. 2. Lyon: economic, social and spatial change • Economic geography (Greater Lyon): • Decrease of industrial jobs (from 43% of workforce in 1975 to 19% in 2006) • A transfer of industries eastbound • A raise of the share of services jobs (from 56% in 1975 to 81 % in 2006) • A development of services jobs westbound

6. 2. Lyon: economic, social and spatial change • The Greater Lyon economic structure today: a strong “provincial” city-region • Banal services: a poor share of “emplois métropolitains supérieurs” (best qualified and paid jobs) • 76 000 in Lyons / 815 000 in Paris ; a share of 10.6% in 1999 (lower than in Toulouse, Grenoble or Montpellier) ; in progress • Among the 15 first employers: hospitals, local authorities, postal services, public transports, utilities, welfare institutions, supermarkets • Unbalanced industrial structures • A few “engines” (usually linked with external capital) • A dominance of very small subcontractors SMEs • The lack of big territorialized SMEs

7. 2. Lyon: economic, social and spatial change • The Greater Lyon economic structure today: a strong “provincial” city-region • Diversity of the productive base but several specializations closely linked to an history of precocious industrialization • Trucks manufacturing (Renault Trucks, IVECO, Irisbus), heritage of Berliet • Chemicals (Rhodia, Arkema, Ciba, Bluestar Silicones, Total), heritage of textile industry (silkmaking) • Biotechnologies (Aventis Pasteur, BioMérieux, Mérial), heritage of the Mérieux empire (a collaborator of Pasteur) (industrial biology, public health, vaccines)

8. 2. Lyon: economic, social and spatial change • How have agglomeration economies shaped the geography of economic activity ? • Agglomeration or cluster trends are not a brand new phenomenon • Current clusters were already existing 50 years ago • For each key sectors, there are several location and not single agglomeration focus • Agglomeration logics are determined by dominant actors structuring their own subcontractors networks • Rather than by the interactions between firms of the same level (SMEs, « milieux innovateurs », technopolitan systems) Location of Biotechnologies firms

9. 3. Public policies and governance framework • A supportive national context • Early policies in favour of “second cities” (DATAR policies of “métropoles d’équilibre”) • Key decisions made my the central State in terms of infrastructures (TGV, highways, etc.) • Decentralisation • Constitutive policies: • State/Regions Planning Contracts • Promotion of Inter-municipal cooperation • Authoritative creation of Communautés Urbaines in the late 1960’s • A new wave of inter-municipal integration in the early 2000’s • Recently, Cluster policy (Pôles de compétitivité) • 5 poles in Lyon, 2 in Saint-Etienne

11. 3. Public policies and governance framework • A strong technical capacity at city regional-level • The Greater Lyon (inter-municipal cooperation organisation): • High degree of fiscal autonomy • Wide range of functions operated: from planning and visioning to policies and services delivering • Strong technical resources • The recent takeover of economic development • Satellites and partners: Planning Agency, Chamber of Commerce, ADERLY, RUL • A strong political leadership (the mayor of Lyon is the president of the Greater Lyon)

12. 3. Public policies and governance framework • Multi-level governance, institutional thickness and the capacity to build up narratives • The French “fusion model” of policymaking • Strong State field services • Three (even four) tiers system: commune, département, region (+inter-municipal cooperation devices) • Strong officials (multiple office holding) • Coproduction is the norm (contract, co-financing, etc.) • The strength of redundancy • Overlap of functions • Multiple scale of data gathering, planning, visioning and mobilising • Both generate competition and conflicts but also knowledge and institutional thickness

15. 4. Key questions • “Truly bounded” vs. “coalitions of the willing” • The Lyons case tends to prove the efficiency of the latter • But • Raises the problem of accountability • Is threatened by a government project to create a new “Métropole” status • Power and resources of metro arrangements • A central political and technical actor (Grand Lyon) • A strong degree of fiscal autonomy ; resources mainly obtained from business taxes • But • Tax reforms that tend to replace local taxes revenues by State transfers (and to cut the link between local authorities and economic development)

16. 4. Key questions • The role of national government ? • Forced modernisation and then constitutive policies • Strong State field services and involvement of the “local State” in local projects • But : • A current fascination for the British “hands off model” and New Public management recipes