M uscle Anatomical Organization and Physiology 10/31

1. Muscle Anatomical Organization and Physiology 10/31 • Levels of muscle organization: organ to myofiber • Levels of muscle structure: myofiber to actin/myosin • Sacromere bands: Why do they have different shades? • Isometric/Isotonic: which changes tension and which changes the length of a muscle? • Incomplete vs. Complete Tetany • What is the rational for the strength/tension relationship?

2. Potentially Confusing Things about the words that describe the organization of muscle cells into an organ called a muscle (i.e. Biceps brachii): • Organization from tiniest to largest (a whole muscle or organ) • Sarcomeres: many units of z-line to z-line. • Myofilament: consist of actin and myosin filaments. • Myofibrils: groups of myofilaments surrounded by a sarcoplasmic reticulum. • Sarcolemma: plasma membrane that surrounds several myofibrils, the sarcoplasm is the fluid inside the “cell”. • Endomysium: connective tissue sheath that surrounds a single myofiber (or myocyte or muscle cell). • Perimysium: connective tissue sheath that surrounds several endomysiums/myofibers. • Think of the strands of meat you can pull out of a well cooked pot-roast! • Muscle Fascicle is another term to describe a units within a single muscle with perimysiums and many endomysiums/myofibers inside. • Fascia: an additional sheath surrounding the whole muscle. • Remember that all muscles come in pairs: one is a primer mover or agonist and the other being an antagonistic muscle • Consider the arm: Triceps brachii that extends your arm, the biceps brachii is required so you can flex your arm back to its original condition.

3. Potentially Confusing Things about the words that describe the organization in myocyteTricky Words: • Sarcolemma: is another word for plasma membrane that is specific to that surrounding a muscle cell (also called a myocyte or myofiber) • Endomysium: This fibrous sheath that wraps around a single myofiber and strengthens the sarcolemma. • Sarcoplasm: is another word for cytoplasm that is specific to that found inside a myofiber. • Sarcomere: is the unit of contraction in a myofiber or space extending from one Z-line to the next Z-line. A single myofiber would have hundreds clustered into groups called myfibrils. (think: Z-line Actin+ Myosin + Actin + Z-line) • Myofibrils are bundles inside a single myofiber, with each bundle consisting of a few hundred myofilaments. • Myofilaments are inside a larger myofibril and consists of many sarcomeres (z-line to Z-line) that are end to end. • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR): consists of a series of tubes running the length of the myofiber, these hollow tubes store calcium so a muscle can relax between contractions. When the muscle contracts Ca++ is released from the SR into the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm). • Transverse tubulesextend from the SR deep into the myofiber so Ca++ is release evenly into the cell for contractile force generation.

4. Terms used to describe muscles in the body. • Function: • Insertion: • Origin: • Agonist Muscle: • Antagonist Muscle: • Synergist- • Fixator- • Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Muscles: • Can you name examples of each of these?

5. What do muscles do in our body? • Movement: • Stability/Posture: • Communication: • Control of openings: • Heat generation:

6. How is a muscle structurally organized? Remember: each muscle is an organ that makes up the muscular system. • Actin/Myosin- • Muscle fiber- multiple nuclei and very large • Endomysium- • Fascicle- • Perimysium- • Epimysium- • Tendon vs. Ligament- • The 600 different individual muscles are the organs composing the skeletal system.

7. Muscle Structure From Smallest to Largest:Actin/myosin>Filaments>Myofibrils>Myofiber>Endomysium>Perimysium> Epimysium(Fascia)> Muscle attached to bone by tendons

8. Muscle fasicles can be oriented in one of five different ways. • Fusiform: • Parallel: • Convergent: • Pennate: (uni-, bi-, multi-) • Circular: • Name the design of each and an example of each!

10. Can you identify these parts? A’ is the belly of the muscle and each myofiber (D) is surrounded by a bit of areolar connective tissue (endomysium), several endomysiums wrapped together by connective tissue is the perimysium, several perimysiums together makes the epimysium (fasciae), which connect to bone at tendons at either end.

11. What are the structural components in a skeletal muscle cell (myofiber)? Muscle Organization: Fascicle(meat grain)(endomysium is areolar CT around each MyofiberMyofibrilActin/Myosin Myofiber: (Endomysium)SarcolemmaT-tubulesSarcoplasmic reticulumSarcoplasm(fluid) Actin/Myosin Organization: “Sarcomere”Z disc to Z disc Inside sarcomere: I-band (actin: light), A-band (myosin/actin: very dark) and H-band (just myosin: dark) Other Organelles: • Mitochondria: • Nuclei and transcription/translation: • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T-tubules:

12. Relative to a healthy membrane phospholipid bilayer, where should you find sodium, potassium and calcium?Calcium stored/transported in special structures: Sarcoplasmic reticulum/T-tubules

13. Review of structural organization

14. How does the orientation of actin and myosin heads at the start of contraction effect potential force generation?

15. Review: Muscles/Myofibers/Sarcomeres have an ideal length that gives them the best contractile performance for a given stimulation. This is called the Length-Tension Relationship

16. The Total elapsed time for a single myofiber twitch is extremely variable, only 7 to 100 msec. This is still pretty short! • To Twitch or Not to Twitch, this is the question for a myofiber. • What is a motor endplate? In coming action potential • What is vesicular release? Release of ACH into synapse ACH opens Na channels! • What is multiple motor unit summation? • Threshold contraction for a myofiber vs. maximal contraction for an entire muscle? • The % of myofibers in the entire muscle are ultimately recruited determines the strength of contraction.

17. How do BOTH all-or-none and graded responses co-exist in a muscle? • Consider how a single myofiber contracts: • How do several myofibers together contract: • How do cells modify their force of contraction? All-Or-None and Graded? • How does exercise and pre-conditioning affect the potential maximal force generation?

18. 1) Arrival of stimulus at motor end plate 2) Latent period 3) Contraction phase 4) Relaxation phase How is muscle fiber recruitment effected by: nicotine, temp, or nerve damage? Myasthinia gravis and ACH-receptors? Cholinesterase inhibitors and warfare What are the phases of a myofiber depolarization and contraction? Total elapsed time for a single twitch is short and still extremely variable: 7 to 100 msec

19. Why does muscle tension increase with repeated contractions? What is muscle tetany? What are the pre-failure limits? • Force generation: myofiber vs. whole muscle • All-or-none vs. Graded responses • Multiple motor unit summation: • Recovery duration and ATP replenishment • Treppe and wave summation:

21. When myofibers in a muscle depolarize and the muscle contracts, a change in muscle length OR a change in muscle tension can occur (or both). Why is this significant? • # myofibers recruited determines strength! • Isometric Contractions: • Isotonic Contractions: • Concentric contraction: shortens as it contacts • Eccentric contraction: lengthens as it contracts • How does a muscle warm-up help an athlete to reach top performance?

23. How do we maintain adequate ATP supplies in active muscle when there is so little ATP present at any one time? • ADP Phosphorylation: • Glycolysis in cytosol: • Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria: • Fatty Acid Oxidation: • Phosphagens: Phospho(CREATINE)kinase phosphocreatine+ADP--> ATP+creatine • Myokinase: ADP + ADP  AMP + ATP • Sequential times of ATP supply depletion: • When does ATP become available and from what source? • Consider Peak Performance Activities: • How does carbohydrate loading work? • How do dietary supplements like PCr work?

25. What sorts of delay occur in a cell with respect to the time needed to produce ATP from PCr, glucose and fatty acids when you begin exercise, when you sustain it for a minute and sustain it for 15 minutes? How does this describe the runner surge 15 minutes into a workout?