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Some Orders of Insect Pests 511 Zoo Prepared by: Dr. Reem Alajmi

Some Orders of Insect Pests 511 Zoo Prepared by: Dr. Reem Alajmi. Thysanura: The bristletails (silverfish and firebrats). Adult Description and identification : Mouthparts: chewing Size: Common species are about 12 mm long. Wings: None

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Some Orders of Insect Pests 511 Zoo Prepared by: Dr. Reem Alajmi

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  1. Some Orders of Insect Pests 511 Zoo Prepared by: Dr. Reem Alajmi

  2. Thysanura: The bristletails (silverfish and firebrats) • Adult Description and identification: • Mouthparts: chewing • Size: Common species are about 12 mm long. • Wings: None • Distinguishing characteristics: Elongate and somewhat flattened; body covered with scales; 3 caudal filaments, 2 lateral, 1 central.. • Metamorphosis: None (ametamorphosis); immature (called juveniles) look like adults.

  3. Thysanura: The bristletails (silverfish and firebrats) • Habitat: Debris, under bark, in buildings (some cool and damp, others warmer sites). • Pest or Beneficial Status: Primarily nuisance, some property damage by silverfish and firebrats (may feed on starch of book bindings, similar materials).

  4. Left: a silverfish. Right: a firebrat

  5. Ephemeroptera: The mayflies • Adults: • Mouthparts: None (vestigial) • Size: 2 – 32 mm long, plus long caudal filaments • Wings: Usually 4, some species only 2. Membranous, with numerous net-like cross-veins. Fore wings are larger, triangular.

  6. Ephemeroptera: The mayflies • Other distinguishing characteristics: Short hair-like (setaceous) antennae; 2 or 3 long caudal filaments. • Habitat: Immature are aquatic; adults are found near water. Most nymphs feed on algae or decaying organic material; some are predaceous. • Metamorphosis: Incomplete (naiads do not look like adults and live in water; wing “pads” develop gradually and externally through successive stages.

  7. Ephemeroptera: The mayflies • Immatures (called naiads): • Leaf-like abdominal gills; 3 long caudal filaments; (sexually immature pre-adult) emerges from the water, molts to the adult stage the next day. • Pest or Beneficial Status: Important fish food; indicators of water quality; mass emergence may be problematic.

  8. Odonata: The dragonflies and damselflies • Adults: • Mouthparts: Chewing • Size: 20 to 135 mm. • Wings: 4, membranous, with numerous net-like cross-veins. Wings are marked by a stigma -- a thickened, darkened cell at the costal margin of the fore and hind wings.

  9. Odonata: The dragonflies and damselflies • Other distinguishing characteristics: Very large compound eyes; short hair-like (setaceous) antenna • Suborder Anisoptera: dragonflies -- hind wings wider than front wings; wings held horizontally at rest. • Suborder Zygoptera: damselflies -- fore and hind wings similar in shape and narrowed at base; wings held together above the body when at rest.

  10. Odonata: The dragonflies and damselflies Left: A dragonfly (Texas A & M University). Right: A damselfly (University of Florida).

  11. Odonata: The dragonflies and damselflies • Metamorphosis: Incomplete (naiads do not look like adults and live in water; wing “pads” develop gradually and externally through successive stages.) • Immatures (called naiads): • Aquatic; labium modified to catch prey; dragonflies with internal (rectal) gills; damsel fly naiads with 3 leaf-like gills at the end of the abdomen.

  12. Odonata: The dragonflies and damselflies • Habitat: Immature are aquatic; adults are found near water. Nymphs and adults are predaceous. • Pest or Beneficial Status: Generalist predators; indicators of water quality.

  13. Orthoptera: The grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids • Adult • Mouthparts: Chewing • Size: Moderate to large • Wings: 4, front wings (tegmina) are leathery, hind wings are membranous. Some are wingless. Wings (and legs) may bear sound-producing structures.

  14. Orthoptera: The grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids • Other distinguishing characteristics: Elongate bodies; well-developed cerci; antennae are mostly long and filiform; the ovipositor may be long; hind legs of most are modified for jumping.

  15. Orthoptera: The grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids • Metamorphosis: Gradual. • Immature (nymphs): • Are adult-like, and external wing pads develop as nymphs mature. • Habitat: Many types of vegetation

  16. Orthoptera: The grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids • Pest or Beneficial Status: Some grasshoppers are crop pests; some crickets are household nuisance pests. In some parts of the world, migratory locusts occur in great numbers and destroy vast areas of crops and other vegetation.

  17. Dermaptera: The earwigs • Adults • Mouthparts: chewing • Size: 4 - 30 mm • Wings: 4 or none; forewings shortened and thickened; hind wings membranous and folded. • Distinguishing characteristics: Enlarged, pincer-like cerci.

  18. Dermaptera: The earwigs • Habitat: Moist debris and decaying materials. Earwigs are nocturnal and feed on plants or decaying plant material; some are predaceous (and beneficial). • Metamorphosis: Gradual; nymphs resemble adults and share the same habitat. In those with wings, external wing pads develop as nymphs mature. • Immature (called nymphs): Similar to adults.

  19. Dermaptera: The earwigs • Pest or Beneficial Status: Earwigs are usually pests only as nuisance creatures, but one species, the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), is a pest of vegetables, ornamental plants, and fruits. Its feeding leaves scars on the surface of apples and pears.

  20. Hymenoptera (sawflies, parasitic wasps, ants, wasps, and bees) • Adult • Mouthparts: chewing or chewing/lapping • Size: Minute to large • Wings: 4 or none, front wing larger than hind wing, front and hind wings are coupled by hamuli to function as one.

  21. Hymenoptera (sawflies, parasitic wasps, ants, wasps, and bees) • Antennae: Long and filiform (hairlike) in Symphyta; many forms in Apocrita • Other characteristics: Abdomen is broadly joined to the thorax in Symphyta; constricted to form a "waist"-like propodeum in Apocrita.

  22. Hymenoptera (sawflies, parasitic wasps, ants, wasps, and bees) • Metamorphosis: Complete • Immatures: • In Symphyta, eruciform (caterpillar-like), but with 6 or more pairs of prolegs, all are plant-feeders. • In Apocrita, larvae have true head capsules, but no legs; some feed on other arthropods • Habitat: On vegetation, as parasites of other insects, in social colonies

  23. Hymenoptera (sawflies, parasitic wasps, ants, wasps, and bees) • Pest or Beneficial Status: A few plant pests (sawflies); many are beneficial as parasites of other insects and as pollinators. Honey bees are important pollinators and produce honey. Stinging species can injure humans and domestic animals.

  24. In a group of three, make small presentation within 2-3 slides for one of the insect pests order that is not mention in this lecture…

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