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ENV 259

ENV 259. Lecture 7: Impact of Humans April 20, 2012. “Native” Ohioans. Paleo-Indians Archaic Indians Adena Indians Hopewell Indians Late Woodland Indians Fort Ancient/ Whittlesey Indians Monongahela Indians. 13,000 to 7,500 B.C. Hunter-gatherers

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ENV 259

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  1. ENV 259 Lecture 7: Impact of Humans April 20, 2012

  2. “Native” Ohioans • Paleo-Indians • Archaic Indians • Adena Indians • Hopewell Indians • Late Woodland Indians • Fort Ancient/ Whittlesey Indians • Monongahela Indians

  3. 13,000 to 7,500 B.C. Hunter-gatherers Movement influenced by animal populations Nomadic Little direct evidence of existence Spearpoints, knives, blunt tools May have been involved in early trading May have influenced extinction of some animals Paleo-Indians http://www.ipfw.edu/archsurv/Paleoindian.html

  4. Archaic Indians • 7500 B.C. – 2000 B.C., modern forests established throughout Southern Ohio • Similar (descendents) to Palaeo but different hunters • Deer, bear, wild turkey, waterfowl, fish, clams • Plant gatherers • Spring: sugar maples • Summer: berries, currants • Summer/Fall: seeds, pawpaws, nuts • Stored food for winter • Natural shelters (rock overhangs, caves) • VanportFlint • Shell, copper imports Images: http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/a_beliefs.html

  5. Archaic group 2000 B.C. – 800 A.D. W/ NW Ohio Glacial Kame burial sites Animal masks found Wolf & bear skull masks Possibly worn by medicine men - Shamans Glacial Kame Indians Shell neck ornament

  6. 1000 B.C. – 200 A.D. Early agriculture - planting Native plants Corn, squash Pottery – for food storage Central & Southern Ohio Permanent villages Trading for supplies Mound-builders – commemorate the dead Adena Indians

  7. 100 B.C. – 600 A.D. Less widespread than Adena Lived in wide river valleys of central and southern Ohio Geometicearthwork mounds Ceremonies, funerals, trading Hunting, fishing, gathering, cultivating Trading Ohio flint & pipestone for copper, mica, shells, silver Artisans Surveyors Mysteriously disappeared Enemies? Epidemic? Climate? (colder) Social disintegration? Hopewell Indians

  8. Late Woodland Indians • Late Woodland, northern Ohio • 600 A.D. – 1300 A.D. • Relied on river/lake resources • Probably descendents of Hopewell people • Did not construct elaborate structures like Hopewells

  9. Fort Ancient/ Whittlesey Indians • Fort Ancient, southern Ohio • 1000 A.D. – 1654 A.D. • Built housing in river valleys, farming, permanent residences until exhausted natural resources • New crops possibly led to larger “towns” • Experimented with gardening “tools” • Whittlesey • 1000 A.D. – 1600 A.D. • Cleveland area • Named after 19th century geologist/archaeologist – Charles Whittlesey • Nomadic until approx. 1300, then agricultural

  10. Monongahela Indians • 1500 – 1600 A.D. • Originated in N. W.Virginia & SW Penn. • Ridge top settlements • Agriculture, hunter/gatherers • Pressure of other groups • Other native groups • European immigrants

  11. Forests to Farms Influence & usefulness of water streams Water mills Ground water changes Erosion Minerals & mining salt Iron Coal Oil/gas Limestone Dolomite Sandstone Sand/gravel Clay/shale Gypsum Changing Land Use

  12. Ohio Forests • Thick, dense, lush primary forests • Dense undergrowth • Forests resources were completely “mined” for all human use & replaced with agriculture, villages • 1800: 24 million acres of forest • 1883: 4 million acres of forest • 1940: 3.7 million acres of forest • 2006: 7.9 million acres of forest

  13. Ohio Forests • Glaciated Ohio much better agricultural land than hill country (unglaciated) • Hill country much better supporter of forests • Today: 1/3 of Ohio land supports >2/3 of Ohio forest • Great Black Swamp (NW Ohio) drained between 1859-1875 for farming • Most forest in Ohio is privately owned

  14. Ohio Farmland • Farming since approx. 1000 B.C. • Gen. Anthony Wayne’s 1794 report of extensive Indian cornfields • European immigrants brought diverse agriculture and livestock to Ohio • New transportation routes to transport food • Canals, railroads • Ohio led nation in farming in 1850

  15. Ohio farming • Early farms: subsistence farms • Grain, veggies, hay, cows, pigs, poultry • Production of land greatly increased due to modern farming technology • From animal power to agribusiness • From 36 bushels/acre of corn in 1900 to >100 bushels • From 14 bushels/acre of wheat in 1900 to >45 bushels • Farming efficiency • More energy intensive farming • Less ecologically efficient • Farm size • 1900: 276,000 farms avg. 88 acres each • 1970: 111,000 farms avg. 150 acres each • 2006: 80,000 farms avg. 186 acres each • Land use • Farm land now = suburbs

  16. Wildlife • Much exterminated due to: • Habitat loss • Farming practices altered habitat, modernizing farming altered again • Threat to humans • Mountain lion, wolf, bear • Hunted • Turkey, deer, elk, passenger pigeon • Forest change • Gray squirrel/Gray Fox to Fox Squirrel/Red fox • Introduction of non-native species • Wild turkey • Ring-necked pheasant • Fish • Impacted by pollution, increased runoff, decreased food supply, broken up habitat (dams)

  17. Streams/Water Mills • Reservoirs built to water canals • Buckeye Lake, Summit Lake, Portage Lakes, Indian Lake, Grand Lake-St.Mary’s • Canals used to transport agricultural products and manufactured goods • Grist mills and saw mills harnessed power of water • Dams, locks controlled water flow • Caused problems for fish, boaters • Groundwater • Pollution impacts-septic, wells, moves too slow to flush • Erosion • Loss of topsoil and siltation • Farming, land development

  18. Minerals/Mining • Salt • Used by native Indians and animals & modern man • Iron • Mined, smelted in crude furnaces • Coal • Bituminous (soft) coal • Strip mining = primary means of mining • Oil & gas • Limestone, dolomite, & sandstone • Building materials • Lime (mortar, plaster, fertilizer) • Sand & gravel • Industrial use for paving, building, fill • Clay & shale • Ceramic ware, pottery • Gypsum • wallboard

  19. Early Naturalists & Explorers • Christopher Gist (1706-1759) • Surveyor, explorer 1750’s • David Zeisberger (1721-1808) • Moravian missionary • Dr. Samuel Hildreth (1783-1863), Dr. Daniel Drake (1785-1852) • First scientists, physicians, Marietta • Dr. John Locke (1792-1856) • Geologist, naturalist, Cincinnati area • Invented scientific instruments • Caleb Atwater (1778-1867) • Lawyer, politician, naturalist from Circleville • Champion of forest conservation

  20. Geological Surveys • What’s underground, improved land speculation • William Mather (1804-1859) • Commissioned to conduct first objective geological survey of Ohio • Provided groundwork • Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland (1793-1877) • Established what became the Cleveland Museum of Natural History • Charles Whittlesey (1808-1886) & John Newberry (1822-1892) • Whittlesey: archeology & glacial geology • Newberry: directed 2nd geological survey of Ohio • Edward Orton • 3rd geological survey…predicted petroleum boom would not last • Boom only lasted from 1900-1924

  21. Natural ResourcePreservation • 1917 Ohio’s model Park District Law • Set aside special districts with ability to acquire & preserve land • Influenced by Cuy.CntyEngineer William Stinchcomb • 1920’s Ohio Association of Garden Clubs • “Save Outdoor Ohio” movement • 1940’s-1950’s • State began protecting important natural areas • Cedar Bog: acquired for uniqueness to prevent farming • Few private preservation efforts occurred • 1950-60’s • Development of privately-supported nature centers • Nature Conservancy, Ohio Chapter est.1958 • Mission is to preserve and protect natural areas

  22. Ohio’s Nature Preserves • State has power of eminent domain • Creation of a state nature preserve system called for by The Nature Conservancy, 1966 • 1970, ODNR given power to create nature preserves • 1976, development of ODNR Division of Natural Areas & Preserves to specialize in preservation of land along with its study

  23. Ohio’s Nature Preserves • Today…land still under protection • Funding no longer able to support the Division • Could be under direction of Wildlife

  24. Field Trip • Canalway Reservation and Visitor Center • E. 49th Street in Cuyahoga Heights • Meet at 12:00 in visitor center • Influence of man on the valley

  25. Field Trip • Canalway Reservation and Visitor Center • E. 49th Street in Cuyahoga Heights • I-77 South to Grant Avenue • Right on Grant Avenue to E. 49th Street • Left on E. 49th – Park entrance is about a half mile down E. 49th on the right hand side. Drive all the way back to the Nature Center

  26. Next Class…last • Friday May 4th • Presentations • Papers will be due May 11th

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