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UST 259

UST 259. Impact of Humans Chapters 16 to 18. “Native” Ohioans. Paleo -Indians Archaic Indians Adena Indians Hopewell Indians Late Woodland Indians Fort Ancient/ Whittlesey Indians Monongahela Indians Where did they come from?. 13,000 to 7,500 B.C. Hunter-gatherers

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UST 259

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  1. UST 259 Impact of Humans Chapters 16 to 18

  2. “Native” Ohioans • Paleo-Indians • Archaic Indians • Adena Indians • Hopewell Indians • Late Woodland Indians • Fort Ancient/ Whittlesey Indians • Monongahela Indians Where did they come from?

  3. 13,000 to 7,500 B.C. Hunter-gatherers Influence on animal populations Nomadic Little direct evidence of existence Spear points, knives, blunt tools May have been involved in early trading Climatic influence WHAT WAS THE BIG GAME – THE LARGEST LAND ANIMALS THAT THESE GROUPS HUNTED? game 1 & game 2 Paleo-Indians http://www.ipfw.edu/archsurv/Paleoindian.html

  4. Archaic Indians • 7500 B.C. – 2000 B.C., modern forests established throughout Ohio • Hunters • Deer, bear, wild turkey, waterfowl, fish, clams • Plant gatherers • Spring: sugar maples • Summer: berries, currants • Summer/Fall: seeds, pawpaws, nuts • Nomadic to find / follow vegetation • Natural shelters (rock overhangs, caves) • Vanport Flint, Upper Mercer Flint • Shell, copper ornaments (imported materials) WHERE WERE THESE IMPORTED FROM? • Status symbols Images: http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/a_beliefs.html

  5. 2000 B.C. – 800 A.D. W/ NW Ohio Glacial Kame burial sites WHERE DOES THE WORD KAME COME FROM? Animal masks found Wolf & bear skull masks Shaman? Glacial Kame Indians http://www.ohioarch.org/GLACIALKAMEINDIANS.htm Shell neck ornament

  6. 1000 B.C. – 200 A.D. Primarily southern / central Ohio but also in N. E. Ohio Early agriculture Native plants Squash, Corn -Where did corn come from? Pottery Permanent villages Trading Mound- builders Adena Indians Adena pipe http://rol.freenet.columbus.oh.us/indian.html

  7. 100 B.C. – 600 A.D. Less widespread than Adena Lived in wide river valleys of central and southern Ohio Geometric earthworks Newark, OH Hunting, fishing, gathering, cultivating Trading Ohio flint & pipestone for copper (Michigan), mica N. Carolina), obsidian, shells, silver (Southwest), Grizzly Bear teeth (Rocky Mountains). Artisans Surveyors – Evidence of construction oriented to astronomy Mysteriously disappeared 500 – 600 A.D. Enemies? Epidemic? Climate? Social disintegration? Hopewell Indians http://www.nps.gov/hocu/indepth.htm Hopewell Culture National Historical Park

  8. Late Woodland IndiansFort Ancient/ Whittlesey Indians • Late Woodland, northern Ohio • 600 A.D. – 1300 A.D. • Relied on river/lake resources • Fort Ancient, southern Ohio • 1000 A.D. – 1654 A.D. • Built housing in river valleys, farming, permanent residences until exhausted natural resources. Estimated length of stay in one area – 20 to 30 years. See OHN pages 270-271. • Whittlesey • 1000 A.D. – 1600 A.D. • Cleveland area • Named after 19th century geologist/archaeologist • Nomadic until approx. 1300, then agricultural.

  9. Monongahela Indians • 1500 – 1600 A.D. • Originated in N. W. Virginia & SW Penn. • Agriculture, hunter/gatherers • Pressure of other groups • Other native groups • European immigrants • Evidence found of trade artifacts coming from Europe. • Late 1600’s- Explorers and Missionaries begin to interact with native peoples in this area.

  10. Forests to Farms Influence & usefulness of water streams Water mills Ground water Erosion (action of water) Minerals & mining salt Iron Coal Oil/gas Limestone Dolomite Sandstone Sand/gravel Clay/shale Gypsum Chapter 17- Changing Land Use http://www.moodyscollectibles.com/htmlfiles/topic-water-mill-grist-mill-postcards.html

  11. Streams / Water Mills • Reservoirs built to control stream flow • Buckeye Lake, Summit Lake, Portage Lakes, Indian Lake, Grand Lake-St. Mary’s • Canals transported agricultural products and manufactured goods • Grist mills and saw mills harnessed power of water • Dams, locks controlled water flow Problems for fish, boaters • Groundwater Pollution impacts • Erosion Loss of silt & topsoil Farming, land development

  12. Minerals / Mining • Salt • Used by native Indians and animals & modern man • Iron • Mined, smelted in crude furnaces • Coal • Bituminous (soft) coal • Strip mining = primary means of mining • Oil & gas • Limestone, dolomite, & sandstone • Building materials • Lime (mortar, plaster, fertilizer) • Sand & gravel • Industrial use for paving, building, fill • Clay & shale • Ceramic ware, pottery • Gypsum (calcium sulfate + water) • wallboard

  13. Differences Between Sustainability and Older Economic Models • The earlier model of natural resources was extractive – that the abundance of nature was for our maximum use and exploitation. History of human development has many examples of where development and / or use of natural resources, in tandem with other factors, outstripped the natural carrying capacity of the natural environment. Ecological collapse triggered system collapse and drastic change or failure of development pattern. Link between resource management and principles of sustainability.

  14. Minerals & mining Salt – Wide variety of uses. Iron - Mining and Production First Related to Forest Use Coal - History of Coal Mining in Ohio Coal mining in Ohio began around 1800 and during its first 150 years, was an unregulated industry. Advances in explosives and the introduction of large earth moving equipment after WWII made strip mining economically feasible. Oil/gas – Oil Boom 1900’s. Gas cyclical. Limestone – Building material. Dolomite Sandstone – Building / infrastructure materials. Sand/gravel - Building / infrastructure materials. Clay / shale – Building material. Ceramics. Gypsum – Building material.

  15. Coal and other mineral resources have provided many economic benefits for Ohio and its people. New awareness and stewardship of land means that some of the adverse consequences and costs of remediation for prior mining activities remain. Example: Abandoned Mine Lands

  16. Ohio Forests – A Story of “Resources prior to “Resource Management” Thick, dense, lush primary forests Dense undergrowth Forests resources were completely “mined” for all human use & replaced with agriculture, villages 1800: 24 million acres of forest reduced to: 1883: 4 million acres of forest 1940: 3.7 million acres of forest 2006: 7.9 million acres of forest

  17. “Resources prior to Resource Management” 1800: 24 million acres of forest. Mid 1800’s – Ohio an emerging industrial powerhouse. A combination of abundant natural resources, rise of industrial revolution, and new transportation system (trains) – help accelerate the use of natural resources. Nation’s leader in Iron industry (charcoal based) and in related manufacturing. Demand outstrips supply and many furnaces in portions of Ohio close after ready fuel (wood) depleted. 1883: 4 million acres of forest remained.

  18. Example:Delphos, Ohio, ca 1879 35 sawmills, 7 woodworking mills, 6 hotels, 36 saloons Source: Remlinger Collection / The Nickel Plate Story pg 121

  19. Example:Delphos, Ohio, ca 1879 35 sawmills, 7 woodworking mills, 6 hotels, 36 saloons Source: Remlinger Collection / The Nickel Plate Story pg 121 Situated on the Pittsburgh & Chicago Railway, and the Miami & Erie Canal. “To the north and southwest there lay almost a thousand square miles of virgin timber in the upper Maumee Basin, then known as the Black Swamp. One of the last great stands of the Central Hardwood Forest, the swamp was full of oak, hickory, black walnut, and chestnut – highly prized in the manufacture of furniture, wagon wheels, barrel hoops and staves, and tool handles. “Source: The Nickel Plate Story pg 121

  20. Excerpt – Regional Railway Map ca 1906 Detail – Regional Railway Map ca 1906 Mentor Berea

  21. Natural Gas Discovery – “Gas Boom” Findlay, OH - late 1880’s.

  22. Natural Gas Discovery – “Gas Boom” Findlay, OH - late 1880’s. The Karg Well, being drilled into the Trenton Limestone at site between the Blanchard River and the LE & W Railroad, blew on 1 / 20 / 1886. It vented 20 million cubic feet of natural gas with deafening roar. A 100-foot tower of flame, the Karg burned for months and was seen 50 miles away. By spring 188 the Karg and 30 other wells were producing 60 million cubic feet of gas daily, enough to supply a city twice the Size of Chicago at that time. Findlay offered industry free land, fuel and light and, within two, grew to a town of 20,000 people over 24 square miles.

  23. “Resources prior to Resource Management” • 1889: 60,000 derricks strung out along the Ohio – Indiana “Gas Belt”

  24. Ohio’s Forests • Glaciated Ohio much better agricultural land than hill country (unglaciated) – • Farming in 26 county area that is ‘unglaciated’ Ohio became unsustainable by early 20th century (1920’s) standards. Much land abandoned – is also area where much surface mining took place. • Hill country much better supporter of forests • Today: 1/3 of Ohio land supports >2/3 of Ohio forest • Great Black Swamp (NW Ohio) drained between 1859-1875 for farming. • 90% forest in Ohio is now privately owned. Trees are part of a commodity / recreational market. Farmers: 42%. Privately owned: 50% (Per ONH – 1980)

  25. Forests to Farms Chapter 17- Changing Land Use http://community.webshots.com/photo/yahoo/164620360/2690116880012692196sGgIkV

  26. Ohio Farmland • Farming since approx. 1000 B.C. • Gen. Anthony Wayne’s 1794 report of extensive Indian cornfields • European immigrants brought diverse agriculture and livestock to Ohio • Ohio led nation in farming in 1850 • By 1880 – 93% of land in agricultural use. • New transportation routes to transport food – and other natural resources. Examples: Timber, Quarry Stone. • Canals, railroads Gen. Anthony Wayne

  27. Ohio farming • Early farms: subsistence farms • Grain, veggies, hay, cows, pigs, poultry • Production increased due to modern farming technology • From animal power to agribusiness • Petroleum power • From 36 bushels / acre of corn in 1900 to > 100 bushels • From 14 bushels / acre of wheat in 1900 to > 45 bushels • Farming efficiency? • More energy intensive farming • Less ecologically efficient • Farm size • 1900: 276,000 farms avg. 88 acres each • 1970: 111,000 farms avg. 150 acres each • 2006: 80,000 farms avg. 186 acres each • Land use • Farm land now = suburbs

  28. Streetcar-railroad-system in Cleveland ca 1925 Source:

  29. Wildlife • Much exterminated due to: • Habitat loss • Farming practices altered habitat, modernizing farming altered again • Threat to humans • Mountain lion, wolf, bear • Hunted • Turkey, deer, elk, passenger pigeon • Nuisance • Gray squirrel • Introduction of non-native species • Wild turkey • Ring-necked pheasant • Fish • Impacted by pollution, increased runoff, decreased food supply, broken up habitat (dams)

  30. Early Naturalists & Explorers • Christopher Gist (1706-1759) • Surveyor, explorer 1750’s • David Zeisberger (1721-1808) • Moravian missionary, Schoenbrunn • Dr. Samuel Hildreth (1783-1863), Dr. Daniel Drake (1785-1852) • First scientists, physicians, Marietta • Dr. John Locke (1792-1856) • Geologist, naturalist, Cincinnati area • Invented scientific instruments • Caleb Atwater (1778-1867) • Lawyer, politician, naturalist from Circleville • Champion of forest conservation

  31. Geological Surveys • Land speculation, deceit for personal gain • William Mather (1804-1859) • Commissioned to conduct first objective geological survey of Ohio • Provided groundwork • Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland (1793-1877) • Established what became the Cleveland Museum of Natural History • Charles Whittlesey (1808-1886) & John Newberry (1822-1892) • Whittlesey: archeology & glacial geology • Newberry: directed 2nd geological survey of Ohio • Edward Orton • 3rd geological survey…predicted petroleum boom would not last • Boom only lasted from 1900-1924

  32. Edward Orton • 3rd geological survey…predicted petroleum boom would not last • Boom only lasted from 1900-1924

  33. Natural Resource Preservation • 1917 Ohio’s model Park District Law • Set aside special districts with ability to acquire & preserve land • Cuy. Cnty Engineer William Stinchcomb • 1920’s Ohio Association of Garden Clubs • “Save Outdoor Ohio” movement • 1940’s-1950’s • State began protecting important natural areas • Cedar Bog: acquired for uniqueness to prevent farming • Few private preservation efforts occurred • 1950-60’s • Development of privately-supported nature centers • Nature Conservancy, Ohio Chapter est.1958 • Mission is to preserve and protect natural areas

  34. Ohio’s Nature Preserves • State power of eminent domain • Creation of a state nature preserve system called for by The Nature Conservancy, 1966 • 1970, ODNR given power to create nature preserves • 1976, development of ODNR Division of Natural Areas & Preserves to specialize in preservation of land along with its study

  35. Research Project – Presentations next meetingField Trip Movie- Home http://home-2009.com/us/index.html

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