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Sharifian Morocco and the Ottoman Empire

Sharifian Morocco and the Ottoman Empire. The Western Reaches of Civilization under Siege. Four Islamic Empires and the Dar al-Islam. A. Five Pillars of Islam. 1. Shahada — “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his messenger”

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Sharifian Morocco and the Ottoman Empire

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  1. Sharifian Morocco and the Ottoman Empire The Western Reaches of Civilization under Siege

  2. Four Islamic Empires and the Dar al-Islam

  3. A. Five Pillars of Islam 1. Shahada — “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his messenger” 2. Salat (Salah)— prayer toward Mecca five times a day 3. zakat — alms (2½% of income above that for your own needs) 4. Sawn — fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. hajj — pilgrimage to Mecca; ihram; tawaf

  4. I. Sharifian Morocco • A. Dynasty (founded in 8th century) • 1. sharif — descendent of Muhammad • 2. Sufi influence • 3. Opposition to Portuguese (16th century)

  5. 3. Opposition to Portuguese (16th century) (continued) • a. Portuguese took Ceuta (1415) and Tangiers (1471) • b. Muhammad ash-Sheikh (“al-Mahdi ”) took Fez (1550) • c. Sa‘dians rule Morocco — 1554–1659 • d. Battle of Alcazaralquivir (1578) • e. Sultan Ahmed I al-Mansur (1578–1603) • f. Moroccan army takes Timbuktu (1590)

  6. A Moroccan Soldier Carrying an Arquebus

  7. El Badi Palace, Marrakesh

  8. El Badi Palace, Marrakesh

  9. Sankore Madrasa Gates (Timbuktu)

  10. II. The Ottoman Empire • A. Early Figures • 1. Osman defeated Byzantine army at Nicomedia (Izmit) in 1302 • 2. Mehmet II (1451–1481) conquered Constantinople in 1453

  11. Ottoman Empire in 1683

  12. Ottoman Empire

  13. Mehmet I with Honoraries

  14. Mehmet II by Gentile Bellini

  15. Siege of Constantinople 1453

  16. Court Scene

  17. II. The Ottoman Empire (continued) • B. The Ruling Institution — military organization (ghazis) • 1. Sultan — “Shadow of God on Earth” • 2. Harem • a. Imperial family • b. Personal servants and entertainers • c. Those being educated for personal service • d. House servants • e. Older women who teach, keep accounts, and manage establishment

  18. Patio of the Concubines

  19. II. The Ottoman Empire (continued) • B. The Ruling Institution (continued) • 3. Grand Vizier = prime minister • 4. Diwan = council of state • 5. Timar = system of military land grants • 6. Janissaries = “recruits” • 7. Devshurmeh = “tribute children” • 8. Ulama = “knowers” (Muslim scholars)

  20. Janissary, drawing by Gentile Bellini

  21. Sipahis

  22. C. The Religious Institution — Islamic (Sunni) • 1. Toleration for Christians (Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox) and Jews • a. called dhimmis (“People of the Book”) • b. Sultan appointed patriarch of “Constantinople” • c. Müfti (sheikh ül-Islam) • 2. Only Muslims could hold high office

  23. D. Süleymân the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566) • 1. Views About: • a. Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq • b. Roger B. Merriman • c. Halil Inalcik • 2. Hurrem (Khurrem) = Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana) • 3. Topkapı Palace

  24. Suleiman

  25. Suleiman

  26. Suleiman at Mohacs

  27. Suleiman in Later Years

  28. Bas Relief in U.S. House of Representatives

  29. This is Not Hurrem (Khurrem) =Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana)

  30. Topkapi Palace from the Bosphorus

  31. Topkapi Palace

  32. Topkapi

  33. Gate of Salutation (Topkapi)

  34. Eunuch Cortyard

  35. Imperial Hall (Topkapi)

  36. Topkapi Palace Interior

  37. Sultan’s Bath

  38. Enderun Library (Topkapi)

  39. Tilework from Enderun Library (Topkapi)

  40. Gunroom (Topkapi)

  41. D. Süleymân the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566) (continued) • 4. MimarSinan, architect (ca. 1490–1588) • a. Shehzade mosque (1544–48) — Istanbul • b. Sulimaniye mosque (1550–57) — Istanbul • c. Selimiye mosque (1569–75) — Edirne • 5. BarbarosKhayr ad-Din (d. 1546) — Admiral of Ottoman fleet • 6. Ibrahim Pasha — Grand Vizier (d. 1536)

  42. Selimiye Mosque in Edirne by Sinan

  43. Dome of Selimiye Mosque in Edirne

  44. Barbaros Khayr ad-Din

  45. Grand Vizier

  46. E. Reasons for Its Success and Reasons for Its Decline • 1. Trade • 2. Administration • 3. Leadership • 4. Military Expansion

  47. 4. Military Expansion • a. Battle of Chaldiran (1514) against Safavids • b. Battle of Lepanto (1571) against Spain and Venice • c. Battle of Mohacs (1526) • d. First Siege of Vienna (1529) • e. Taking of Baghdad (1534) • f. Taking of Crete (1669) • g. Taking of Right-Bank Ukraine (1670’s) (“The Ruin”) • h. Second Siege of Vienna (1683)

  48. Battle of Lepanto, 1571

  49. Siege of Vienna 1529

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