Rajit Gadh Director, WINMEC Director, UCLA WINSmartgrid Program Director, UCLA Wireless Media Lab

1. UCLA WINSmartGrid Connection - Wireless Internet Smart Grid Rajit Gadh Director, WINMEC Director, UCLA WINSmartgrid Program Director, UCLA Wireless Media Lab smartgrid@winmec.ucla.edu http://winmec.ucla.edu/smartgrid

2. Google Power Meter Source SmartGridNews.com • Google is announcing Google PowerMeter, which will ultimately become an open platform for home energy information. • PowerMeter is currently in internal beta testing. About four dozen Google employees have home energy monitors to record their power usage (as proxies for the smart meters of the future). A Home Energy gadget on their iGoogle home pages shows them how much energy they are using. The gadget tracks historical data and forecasts future trends (similar to the displays available for some of Google’s finance applications). The PowerMeter Platform • Underneath the PowerMeter gadget is an open systems platform that Google equates to Google Maps, the highly successful geospatial system that has become the foundation for thousands of applications. • Although the company uses the Maps comparison, PowerMeter may actually have more in common with Google Android and Google Health. Android is a platform for building mobile phone applications. It deals not just with data, but also with hardware. In a similar fashion, Google PowerMeter will ultimately need to interface with smart meters, thermostats and other devices.

3. Wikipedia – Smart Grid • A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability. • Such a modernized electricity network is being promoted by many governments as a way of addressing energy independence or global warming issues. • For example, if smart grid technologies made the United States grid 5% more efficient, it would equate to eliminating the fuel and greenhouse gas emissions from 53 million cars. • The then President-elect, now President, Barack Obama asked the United States Congress "to act without delay" to pass legislation that included doubling alternative energy production in the next three years and building a new electricity "smart grid". • Alternative fuel sources would require a smart and flexible grid

4. Open protocol and standards • "(F) OPEN PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS. – The Secretary shall require as a condition of receiving funding under this subsection that demonstration projects utilize open protocols and standards (including Internet-based protocols and standards) if available and appropriate." (P.30, Section 405 A-F).

5. WINMEC – what we do A UCLA-based industry-university-government partnership to innovate and collaborate on Wireless Internet Technologies for Enterprise and Consumer Applications Technology transfer Collaboration & pilot studies Technology development Research Workshops / Forums Training Education Thought leadership Techpublications Business/market/engineering reports Position papers

7. Smart Grid – An opportunity for the next century • Global warming • Changes in the utility business worldwide • Deregulation • Rapid reduction in limited natural resources • Rise in population • Rising cost of energy • Better awareness among consumers • Technology advances make it possible • Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005, California's Title 24 – pushing requirements for demand response in homes •  10 % power generation capacity used less than 1% of the time

8. Infrastructure upgrade – challenge but opportunity • Electric grid set up about100 years ago • ~157,000 miles of high voltage electric transmission lines • Since 1990, demand has increased 25 % • Construction of power plants has decreased 30 % • Recent history . • Wikiepedia -  ”The energy crisis was characterized by a combination of extremely high prices and rolling blackouts. Price instability and spikes lasted from May 2000 to September 2001. Due to price controls, utility companies were paying more for electricity than they were allowed to charge customers, forcing the bankruptcy of Pacific Gas and Electric and the public bail out of Southern California Edison. This led to a shortage in energy and therefore, blackouts. Rolling blackouts began in June 2000 and recurred several times in the following 12 months.” • 2003 rolling blackout (Cleveland isolation, 55M people affected) … Opportunity to support changing demands of the customer via a flexible infrastructure

9. Recent developments • Infrastructure getting modernized • Ratio of advanced to regular meters 4.7% (FERC, 2008) • Island of Malta becomes smart grid island, • Enemalta and Water Services Corp. – to conduct remote monitoring 250,000 smart meters • 400,000 population • $90M expense • Network to be completed by 2012 • Remote monitoring, meter reading, and real-time management of network • Real time monitoring and smart meters -> time of day pricing • Xcel Energy – Boulder as first Smart Grid City in the U.S. • First fully integrated smart Grid in U.S. • PG&E rolling out several million smart meters in N.Cal • Alliander - Amsterdam green grid city project • Several 100 households • Target completion 2012 • Total $1B investment • Estimated cost $410/household over 15 years for installation of smart grid • Experted emmissions reduction 40 %by 2025

10. Demand response • Demand Response Definition (LBL) DR is a set of time-dependent activities that reduce or shift electricity use to improve electricity grid reliability, manage electricity costs, and encourage load shifting or shedding when the grid is near its capacity or electricity prices are high. LBL Demand Response 2004 Test • FERC - 8 percent of energy consumers in US have demand response program • Potential demand response from all U.S. programs ~41,000 MW, or 5.8 % of peak demand. • Is increase of 3,400 MW from the 2006 estimate • largest demand response resource contributions from Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern and Southeastern • Ontario Smart Grid Forum - ..providing transparent electricity prices to consumers together with time-of-use rates can lead to consumption reductions that range from five to fifteen per cent.

11. Data network : Power NetworkIs there a parallel?

12. But it won’t be easy • Lack of clear definition on what the Smart Grid will or should look like • Lack of clear articulation from leaders to citizens on the benefits and reason for investment • Lack of on interfaces between devices, networks, appliances, meters, infrastructure (need for open interfaces) • Lack of acceptance of problems – vendors’ systems sometimes talk even when standard interfaces are developed • Economic justification at the unit level (home, office, factory) is challenging • How does one pay for the investment? • Who pays? • How does utility charge for it? • How does community discount it? Concern about certain vendors getting additional advantage • Rate adjustments – incremental would be necessary • All parties to not share the same vision of the Smart Grid • Evolution versus revolution – conflict in approaches • Are there appropriate incentives from government • Regulatory challenges – utilities are regulated • Infrastructure not ready today to turn on the switch • In the Smart Grid of the Future, what becomes of utilities (only a pipe? Or have content – what is the meaning of content in the Smart Grid of the Future)?

13. Where does Wireless Technology Come in? • Does not require large amounts of fixed infrastructure • New generations of technology can easily replace older generations without having to remove cables • Next generation of appliances can be done easily • Infrastructure itself can be upgraded frequently (e.g. 1G -> 2G -> 3G) • Benefits of wireless, variability in performance and resource requirement • Long range / short range • Low bandwidth / high bandwidth • Delays in networks constantly reducing • Much lower investment to start getting benefits of Smart Grid.

14. The Wireless Internet of Artifacts Version 2.0 • Heterogeneous wireless grid with mobile/roaming artifacts (objects, ICT devices & people) • Constantly in communication with the infrastructure • Control decisions made at the edge of the network (via Edgeware), in the middle (via Middleware) or at the core (Centralware)? • How is work load and intelligence distributed between these layers? • Messaging engine becomes key to transmit control data • Sitting on these networks are layers of I.P. • What does this protocol look like? Is the current I.P. protocol good enough? Should high-media content (such as sending video over HAN) adopt a different network approach from the rest of the network that only sends period sensor data? Is Video input a sensor? • Allow rich content to move rapidly • Have intelligence • location-specific media compression, analysis and representation • Time-specific DRM • Context specific commerce models

15. The Wireless Internet of Artifacts Version 2.0 • The edge of the network generates • Sensor data from increasingly powerful sensing devices • Generally not very large data rates • E.g. temperature-sensing RFIDs on power lines • Location (GPS or RTLS) • Sensors are talking to decision making software and routing energy in various directions much like a router is forwarding data packets to the right destination • Multimedia content • Very large data rates • Source and destination will help determine policies for transmission at any given point • User generated symbolic input and content • Symbolic data tends to require far lass resources than media data (by 3-6 orders of magnitude for the typical applications). E.g. MobiSportsLive

16. The Wireless Internet of Artifacts Version 2.0 • Infrastructure • With advances in technologies such as EVDO, WIMax, Zigbee, UWB, Rubee • Each wireless internet link will provide SLAs that data owner can purchase (Google open model) • Resources within a wireless network SLA would include variables such as • Bandwidth • Power utilization (sensor data that needs to be sent infrequently between two nodes would opt for low-power networks such as a zigbee networks) • Wireless networks that are remote would utilize energy harnessing (green circuits) to offer lower-cost transmission Designing, managing, controlling, using, and benefiting from a new genre of wireless internet of artifacts provides for interesting opportunities in the future. 

17. The Wireless Internet of Artifacts Version 2.0 • Filtration • Where is the filtration – Edge/Middle/Core? • Where do the rules for filtration come from – Core? • Core implies there is a central body of knowledge to this mobile network – is a centralized model relevant? • Should intelligence be completely distributed – i.e. should every node (edge node, middle node or core node) know what to do? • How does one distinguish between the Edge, Middle and Core nodes? Why three levels? • Aggregation • If two sensor streams (S1 and S2) need to be combined into one (e.g. voltage sensor in combination with temperature threshold status – On/off, i.e. S3 = F(S1, S2)), then • Is the original stream discarded? • Where is this decision made?

18. Security in the Smart Grid • Cyber and Physical Security is important for the Smart Grid • Security of Wireless Devices is a bigger challenge than wired devices • Devices operating on standard wireless interfaces would require standardized security protocols • Existing protocols such as 802.11i, WEP, WPA, Public key/Private Key, etc. require systematic investigation • Definition and meaning of security to an appliance needs to be investigated • Physical security would involve adding motion/video/infrared sensors which would be integrated into the architecture of the system

19. Source CNET – Grid gets hacked • Spies from other countries have hacked into the United States' electricity grid, leaving traces of their activity and raising concerns over the security of the U.S. energy infrastructure to cyberattacks. • The Wall Street Journal on Wednesday published a report saying that spies sought ways to navigate and control the power grid as well as the water and sewage infrastructure. It's part of a rising number of intrusions, the article said, quoting former and current national security officials. • There have long been concerns over securing the power grid and other infrastructure. Those security issues are mounting as utilities use more Internet-based communications and software to control the grid through smart-grid technology. • A report by security firm IOActive last month warned that people with $500 worth of equipment and the right training could manipulate smart meters with embedded communications in people's homes to potentially disrupt operation of the grid. • Plans to modernize the grid call for adding communications capability to the distribution network, allowing utilities to get usage data from buildings or equipment along the grid. • That increased automation, however, opens up more security challenges. Smart-grid companies can ship information over the power lines, cell phone networks, or the Internet using proprietary protocols or the Internet Protocol.

20. Reconfigurable Wireless Interface

21. Sensor Interface Module Sensing Unit Sensors RF RF Analog 10 bits A/D Transceiver Transceiver Converter Signal 16/32 bit Multi Channel Microcontroller Data Digital 256KB Processing Signal EEPROM Actuators Reconfigurable Wireless Interface for Networking of Sensors (ReWINS) – Architecture - - Hardware design of Intelligent sensor Interface Fig. 1 Architecture of Intelligent sensor Interface

22. WINSmartGrid – Technology Low Power technology Open architecture Standards-based hardware adapted to fit the problem resulting in lower overall cost Wireless infrastructure for monitoring Wireless infrastructure for control Two-way communication Service architecture with layers - Edgeware, Middleware and Centralware Over the air download for real-time reconfigurability with wireless Plug-and-Play approach to network installation Reconfigurability - The capability of the technology to be reconfigurable allows OTA (over the air) upgrade of the firmware to be able to handle different devices, applications, sensors, controllers, thermostats, etc.

23. WINSmartGrid – Architecture The WINSmartGrid Technology brings together ReWINS technology within a three-layered Serviceware architecture that is composed of the EdgeWare, Middleware and Centralware.

24. WINSmartGrid Architecture • Physical layer issues for in-home • Zigbee • WiFi • Bluetooth • Rubee • Physical Layer for Wide area network • Public Infrastructure – CDMA, GPRS, LTE, WiMAX • Tracking and sending technology for meters • Active versus Passive • UHF/LF/HF/433Mhz • Data layer architecture issues • Bandwidth requirement • Power constraints • Security Requirements • Database requirements

25. Characteristics of WINSmartGrid Low Power technology Standards-based adapted to fit the problem resulting in lower overall cost Wireless infrastructure for monitoring Wireless infrastructure for control Service architecture with three layers - Edgeware, Middleware and Centralware Open architecture for easy integration Plug-and-Play approach to architecture Reconfigurability - The capability of the technology to be reconfigurable allows OTA (over the air) upgrade of the firmware to be able to handle different devices, applications, sensors, controllers, thermostats, etc.

26. WINSmartGrid UI • Simplicity for consumer use • Remote access and control • Open systems and tools for integration Backup Power > Profile > Consumption Savings Energy Manager > Environment > > Device Con. Breakdown >

27. WINSmartGrid ConnectionA partnership between Industry, Government and Universities It is a partnership under the UCLA WINMEC Consortium Members join for an annual fee Pooled fees are used to leverage other grants such as U.C. Discovery and NSC IUCRC both of which provide match. Members collectively participate on advisory board and provide recommendation to the Director on which projects to pursue WINMEC Director appoints one chair of the advisory board – for one year at a time. Chair – leads the quarterly meetings in cooperation with Director Meetings held quarterly in UCLA along with demonstrations where appropriate Basic level of membership should allow them to get a trial copy of the ongoing WINSmartGrid open standards-based platform. Partners may also contribute devices, hardware and appliances to the UCLA test facility. Terms and conditions as above need approval by UCLA before WINSmartGrid Connection an confirm.

28. Research Topics Software architecture Integration of sensor interface with demand response and building energy infrastructure Smart Home Architecture Control loop in heterogeneous systems Plug and play

29. WINSmartGrid ConnectionThank you Rajit Gadh, Professor and Director, UCLA-WINMEC Director atsymbol winmec .ucla .edu