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The Crusades

The Crusades. What is a crusade?. Series of Holy wars What were they fighting for? Christians vs Muslims Control of Jerusalem Total of 9 crusades First four most important Children’s crusade. Who was involved?. Christians Place where Jesus was crucified and ascended to heaven

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The Crusades

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  1. The Crusades

  2. What is a crusade? • Series of Holy wars • What were they fighting for? • Christians vs Muslims • Control of Jerusalem • Total of 9 crusades • First four most important • Children’s crusade

  3. Who was involved? • Christians • Place where Jesus was crucified and ascended to heaven • Muslims • It was the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven • Jewish • Site of the ancient temple built by Solomon

  4. Problems in the church • Village Priests getting married and having families • Simony • Lay investiture • Bishops and abbots care more about their feudal duties than spiritual duties

  5. The age of faith • Inspired wars of conquest • 1093 Byzantine emperor, Alexius Comnenus sent an appeal asking for help against the Muslim Turks • Muslims threatening to conquer the capital, Constantinople • Pope Urban II issued for a “holy war” • 300 year time period of multiple crusades

  6. The crusaders • For knights… • this was a chance to use their fighting skills, something they enjoyed and did well. They were delighted to have such a worthy battle to fight. • For peasants… • this was a chance to escape from their dreary life in the feudal system. The pope promised that if they died while fighting a holy crusade, they would automatically be welcomed into heaven. • For others… • it was a chance to have an adventure, and perhaps even to get rich.

  7. goals • Economical, Social and Political goals • Religious motives • Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite believers • Get rid of knights who fought each other • Threaten peace of kingdoms and Church property • Looking for land and position in society, adventure • Younger sons did not stand to inherit any fortune or family land • Merchants profited by financing the journey • Leasing ships • Control of major trade routes

  8. Signs of the crusaders • The Red Cross • Each crusader had a huge red cross, made out of fabric, stitched onto their shirts or armor. • It made all crusaders, irrespective of rank or background, appear to be a unified army. • It reminded the crusaders that they were fighting a holy cause. • The red cross was added to flags and banners

  9. The first crusade • 1096-1099 • Pope Urban II claimed those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in heaven. • Religious feeling and support • It was a worthy cause to fight in the crusade • Pope was highest order… connection to God • “God Wills It” • Arabs took control • Closed the city to Jewish and Christians • Unsuccessful at first • Geography, Culture, Climate

  10. The first crusade • July 15 1099 captured Jerusalem • 650 mile strip of land • Divided into four sections “Crusaders’ states • Each had an emperor ruler • Extremely vulnerable • 1144 Edessa was reconquered by the Turks • Led to the Second Crusade • Started in 1147 – 1149 • Organized to recapture Edessa

  11. Third Crusade • 1189-1191 • Recapture Jerusalem • Three most powerful monarchs • Philip II (Augustus) – France • Frederick I (Barbarossa) - Germany • Richard (Richard the Lion-Hearted) – England • Philip and Frederick did not make the journey • Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce in 1192 • Jerusalem under Muslim control • Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the cities holy places

  12. Saladin • 1138-1193 • Most famous Muslim leader of the 1100s • Most devout man, honest, brave • He wished to chase the crusaders back into their own territories

  13. Richard the lion hearted • 1157-1199 • Good looks, charm, courage, grace and ruthlessness • Joined during the third crusade • Others needed to rule England in his absence • Had many Muslims slaughtered after capturing the city

  14. Fourth crusade • 1202-1204. • Instead of attacking Jerusalem, the crusaders attacked Constantinople. • Looted the entire city • They burned libraries and destroyed churches. • Claimed they needed money to defend Constantinople from the same fate as Jerusalem, as well as to fund the rescue of Jerusalem. • The people of Constantinople were angered by this • Start to see religious spirit fade • Personal gain grew

  15. Children’s CRUSADE • 1212 was a terrible tragedy. • Many thousands of French and German children died trying to reach Jerusalem. • Nearly 50,000 total • They believed God would help them because they were children. • Many died of hunger. • Others froze to death. • Met the Pope in Rome and he told them to return home

  16. A Spanish crusade • Muslims in Spain called Moors • Controlled most of the country until 1100s • Reconquista • Long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain • Late 1400s – held only the tiny kingdom of Granada • 1492 – fell to Christian army under Ferdinand and Isabella

  17. Inquisition • Inquisition • Unify country and increase power • Court held by the Church to suppress heresy • Heretics • Religious believed differed from the Church • Many Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity • Could be questioned and tortured • Burned at the stake • 1492 – the monarchs expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain

  18. Step 1: The Inquisitor Rides in to Town

  19. Step 2: The town gathers to hear the Inquisitor preach on the sins and dangers of heresy

  20. Step 3: Period of GraceAnyone who might be guilty of heresy can confess and be assured lenient treatment

  21. Step 4: Edict of FaithDuring this phase any accused person becomes subject to interrogation or arrest

  22. Step 5: Yellow CrossMany who were convicted of heresy were ordered to wear distinctive clothing that announced their shame to the public

  23. Step 6:Condemned heretics were handed over to secular authorities

  24. Step 7: Burned at the Stake

  25. Later crusades • Over the next 70 years, there were several other crusade attempts • They were motivated more by personal gain than by religious purpose. • None succeeded. • By 1291, 200 years after the first crusade, European leaders lost interest. • Western Europe never admitted defeat. • They simply stopped asking for new crusaders. 

  26. Effects of the crusades • Forceful example of the Church power • Women • Stayed home • Manage affairs and estates • Merchants • Expanded trade between Europe and SW Asia • Spices, fruits, cloths

  27. EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES • Pope’s power decreases with failed crusades • Weakened feudal nobility • Increase the power of Kings • Muslims felt discriminated and left a legacy of hatred and bitterness • Relations with Muslim leadership worsened • However… led to a growth of trade, towns and universities in Medieval Europe

  28. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter20/interactive_map_quiz.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter20/interactive_map_quiz.html

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