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THE HISTORY OF CLIMATE IMPACT ON THE BUILT HERITAGE. C.M. Grossi, P. Brimblecombe, I. Harris. c.grossi-sampedro@uea.ac.uk. Millennial architecture. Studies of the durability of building materials are limited to years/ decades.
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THE HISTORY OF CLIMATE IMPACT ON THE BUILT HERITAGE C.M. Grossi, P. Brimblecombe, I. Harris. c.grossi-sampedro@uea.ac.uk
Millennial architecture • Studies of the durability of building materials are limited to years/ decades Balancing types of damage: Climate change and reduction in pollution is likely to alter the balance of damage mechanisms to our heritage Sta María del Naranco “I am of the opinion, if violence does not happen, this fabrick will stand 1000 years” Restoration of Westminster Abbey Nicholas Hawksmoor La Nueva España, Feb, 1937
Sharp phase boundaries Sharp phase boundaries ClimatePhase change and amplificationFrost and salt crystallisation • Phase transitions at precise thermo-hygrometric conditions Small changes in climate can show big effects – i.e. number of events.
From pollution to climate: Climate is a factor of increasing importance In the weathering and management of buildings. Noah’s Ark. HERITAGE CLIMATOLOGIES: transform traditional meteorological parameters into those relevant to cultural heritage HadCM3 – maps - vulnerability atlas http://noahsark.isac.cnr.it
Grossi et al (2007): Science of the Total Environment. Map: Ian Harris Vulnerability atlas:Future projections of potential damage
Vulnerability atlas: Salt Crystallisation Transitions thenardite-mirabilite at P > 10 MPa Central England Czech Republic
Surface recession Bonazza et al (in press)
Blackeningperception: AestheticsRedistribution processes • Desire for cleaning increases with the amount of soiling. …lighter or darker is OK but not like that
Colour change • Evidence of warming of soot colour e.g. Tower of London • Sulfation and iron oxidation • Also likely to be oxidation of diesel soots – possibly both surface organic compounds and the carbon core • Different biological growth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Toweroflondon2.jpg Future yellowing?
Going to the passBalancing climate and pollution VITRUVIUS “these soft kinds have the advantage that they can be easily worked…, but in open and exposed situations the frost and rime make them crumble…. On the seacoast, the salt eats away and dissolves them” De architectura 2:VII:2 Relative damage Thresholds - aesthetics Frost-salt-pollution
Millennium long damage to building materials in London Climate input P Brimblecombe (2008)
Millennium long damage to building materials in London Pollution input P Brimblecombe (2008)
μ m/year Modelled recession PREDICTED DRY KARST WET P Brimblecombe (2008)
WESTMINSTER ABBEY "… you rather behold the skeleton of a church than any great comeliness in her appearance, being so shrivelled and parcht by the continual blasts of the northern winds, to which she stands exposed, as also the continual smoaks of the sea-coal which are of a corroding and fretting quality…". Keepe (1682)
Rouen Norwich London Prague Rouen Paris Caen Oviedo León Burgos Granada MeteoFrance T and RH data Salt climatology Grossi et al. Stone 2008
Oviedo: 43.21, -5.52 León: 42.35, -5.39 Method limitations Oviedo. Sodium Sulfate Principado Asturias data
Links to ACRE workshop • New models for future climate • Good climate data: present and past • Scaling from broad areas to specific sites
