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Predicting externalizing and internalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents in the Netherlands. Gonneke W.J.M.Stevens; Wilma A.M.Vollebergh; Trees V.M.Pels Sco Psychiatry Psychiar Epidemiol(2005) 40: 571-579 Impact factor: 2.052 Date:99/10/14. Outline. Introduction Externalizing
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Predicting externalizing and internalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents in the Netherlands Gonneke W.J.M.Stevens; Wilma A.M.Vollebergh; Trees V.M.Pels Sco Psychiatry Psychiar Epidemiol(2005) 40: 571-579 Impact factor: 2.052 Date:99/10/14
Outline • Introduction • Externalizing • Internalizing • Methods • Result • Discussion • Conclusion
Introduction • This aim of the current study is to contribute to the knowledge in this field • Externalizing problems • Internalizing problems
Introduction • Child factor • Internalizing • According to Zahn-Waxler et al. , the strongest risk factor for emotional Problems is gender: Female adolescents were found to be at least twice as likely as males to become anxious and depressed, a pattern that continues throughout adulthood • Externalizing • Associations between child variables and externalizing behavior are well established in literature
Introduction • Family factor • Internalizing • Several processes in, and characteristics of, the family influence the development of emotional problems in adolescents • Externalizing • Parental behavior in interaction with the child is the family factor most proximal to the child’s everyday experience
Introduction • School/peer factor • Internalizing • Although parents still occupy a central position in the lives of their children, relations with peers become increasingly important during adolescence • Externalizing • The child’s progress into adolescence is marked by increased involvement with peers. In this period, parental influence diminishes whereas peer influence increases
Introduction • Migration factor • Internalizing • Moroccan adolescents may be faced with risk factors related to their (or their parents‘) migration • Externalizing • Variables specific for migration, like country of birth and fluency in the language used in the current country may influence the level of externalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents
Introduction • Three goals- Externalizing • First: Gain insight into the predictors of externalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents living in the Netherlands in the age range of 11-18 years • Second: The gender specificity of the associations is examined • Third: Want to find out which factor is most strongly associated with externalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents
Introduction • Three goals-Internalizing • First: Gain insight into the predictors of internalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents living in the Netherlands in the Netherlands • Second: Examine the gender specificity of the associations • Third: Examine the contribution of child, proximal family, parent, contextual family, global family, school/peer, and migration factors to the prediction of emotional problems with and without controlling for the other predictor sets
Population Aged 4 through 8 At least one parent born in Morocco of two of the four largest cities in Netherlands Methods • Sample Mentally retarded Lived in Moroccan Excluded 37 Only one child per family Excluded 96 N=1260 April 2000 to July 2002 N=1127 Adolescents report Aged 11 through 18 N=376 Parent report N=415 For 73% N=819 • Permission for parents and adolescents Response rate 82% N=238 teacher report N=296 excluded 7
Methods • Instruments • Internalizing and externalizing behavior • Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) • Youth Self-Report (YSR) • Teacher’s Report Form (TRF) • Internalizing • Sum of scores on items in the Withdraws, Somatic Complaints, and Anxious/Depressed syndrome profiles • Externalizing • Sum of scores on the Delinquent and Aggressive behavior syndromes
Methods • Instruments • Child factor • Gender • Age • Internalizing • Chronic health problems of the child were obtained from the parent
Methods • Instruments • Proximal family factor • Affection • 0=highly disagree to 5=highly agree • Monitoring • 0=nothing to 3=everything • Support from father (α=0.86) • Support from mother (α=0.78) • Parent-child conflict (parent reportα=0.90) • Parent-child conflict (adolescent reportα=0.85) • 0=never to 4=very often
Methods • Instruments • Parent factor • Somatic symptoms • Anxiety/Insomnia (α=0.90) • Social Dysfunction (α=0.77) • Severe Depression
Methods • Instruments • Contextual family factor • Conflicts parents about parenting • Conflicts parents about other things • 0=never to 2=often • Positive communication parents • Destructive communication parents • Total number of life-events
Methods • Instruments • Global family factor • Marital status • 0=married • 1=not married • Family education level • 0=no education at all to 4=high level of vocational training or university • Family employment level • 0=no job to 3=high job level • Number of children in the family
Methods • Instruments • School/peer factor • Problems at school • Being bored • 0=never to 4=each day • Support from friends (α=0.86) • Deviant peers • 0=no; 1=yes(α=0.86) • Hanging out • 0=never to 4=each day
Methods • Instruments • Migration factor • Country of birth adolescent • Muslim identification adolescent (α=0.76) • Perceived group discrimination adolescent • Muslim identification parent (α=0.59) • Perceived group discrimination parent • Fluency in Dutch parent (understanding) • Fluency in Dutch parent (speaking) • 0=not all to 3=very well
Method • Statistical analysis • Cross-sectional study • Univariate analysis • Linear regression analysis • Cronbach's alpha
Result • Externalizing problems
Result • Internalizing problems
Result • Externalizing problems
Result • Internalizing problems
Result • Internalizing problems
Discussion • Study limitations • Unable to examine the causal directions of the associations • Unable to test whether the associations about externalizing or internalizing problems between Moroccan immigrant and Western populations • Not all important predictors have been taken into account • temperament for externalizing and internalizing
Discussion • Study limitations • Sample might not be representative for the entire Moroccan immigrant population in Netherlands • Almost 50% of the Moroccans • Unable generalized to other migrant populations, as differences between migrant populations are numerous
Conclusion • Study suggest that the child, school/peer, and proximal family factors are essential in models predicting the development of externalizing and internalizing problems turned out to be relatively small