Physical Geography: Definition – Examples –

1. Physical Geography: Definition – Examples – Human Geography: Definition – Examples – Physical Characteristics: Human Characteristics: Coastal Plains Region Central Plains Region Great Plains Region Mountains and Basins Region

2. Describe the Physical Geography of each region. Rainfall (High or Low?): Elevation (High or Low?): Type of Terrain: Describe the Human Geography of each region. Major Cities: Population (High or Low?): Major Industries:

3. Geography of the Earth Texas is located in the United States, which is located on the continent of North America.

4. Physical Geography Natural Landforms of the Earth

5. Human Geography How Humans Change the Geography of the Earth

6. If you were given the job of categorizing all the plastic balls at Chuck-E Cheese’s, how would you do it?

7. Low rainfall; land is high in elevation and very flat Average rainfall; land varies in elevation with rolling hills and lots of trees PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXAS REGIONS Low rainfall; land is high in elevation, jagged and mountainous High rainfall; land is low in elevation with fertile soil; contains the largest cities in Texas

11. Leading Industries in Texas: 1800’s Agriculture – Cotton, Cows, and Corn 1900’s Oil – Natural Gas, Petroleum, and Oil Field Machinery (See pgs. 64 and 423 for geography of Texas Industry) Texas Highways and Cities HUMAN CHARACTERICS OF TEXAS REGIONS

14. Directions: Labeling Texas Map • Label the boundaries of the 4 main regions of Texas. • Create a map legend to indicate the name of each region. (pg. 22) • Label the following cities: • San Antonio, El Paso, Houston, Austin, Ft. Worth, Dallas, Brownsville, Lubbock, Amarillo, Midland, Odessa, Corpus Christi, Galveston, Beaumont (p. 22) • Label the following rivers: • Sabine, Red, Rio Grande, Nueces, Brazos, Colorado (p. 50)

15. Guiding Questions – Texas Geography • Why is Texas divided into 4 different regions? • Why did the large cities of Texas form in the locations that they did? • What role did Texas rivers play in the forming of settlements, towns, and cities? • Which region in Texas contains the best resources for farmers, ranchers, and oil companies? • Which region in Texas would allow you to live near very large cities? • Which region in Texas would allow you to live furthest away from large cities? • Which region in Texas contains the best resources for lumber companies? • Which region in Texas stretches the furthest north?

17. 9,500 B.C.Native Americans Migrate to Texas

18. How do you think people went from life in the image at the top to life in the image at the bottom?

19. Why do Humans Migrate? • Push Factor: • Forces pushing people away from a place • Examples: • Fear for Safety • Lack of Opportunity • Unhappiness & Boredom • Pull Factor: • Forces pulling people toward a place • Prospect of Safety • Prospect for Opportunity • Prospect for Happiness

20. How Humans Learned to Settle in One Place Long after humans migrated to North America, a change came about in their basic way of life. Imagine that a group of Native American hunters comes upon a flock of wild sheep. They kill and eat one or two, but they know that if they kill too many at once, the meat will spoil. So they follow the flock for weeks, killing only what they plan to eat. One day the hunters follow the flock into a valley that contains a dead end that will not allow the sheep to pass through. The hunters decide to build several huts and block the only opening in the valley. They settle down as they keep watch over the flock. They begin using the sheep as a reserve of food for when they have no other animals to hunt. They train their dogs to herd and contain the sheep in the valley. Without realizing it, the hunters settled down and became herders and ranchers. Long known to gather grains such as barley, corn, rice, and wheat, the women of the tribe make a discovery. They realize that the seeds they have been gathering from the plants will grow new plants if they are planted back into the ground. So they begin using sticks to plant and harvest more crops. The crops begin to grow and become another food reserve for the winter. These women gatherers naturally became farmers. Now settled, the tribe begins to build more huts of larger size to store their belongings. Over time, the tribe turns into an entire village of people. Once wanderers, these people learned to survive and settle down.

21. THESISSUPPORT EXPLAIN How Humans Learned to Settle in One Place Long after humans migrated to North America, a change came about in their basic way of life. Imagine that a group of Native American hunters comes upon a flock of wild sheep. They kill and eat one or two, but they know that if they kill too many at once, the meat will spoil. So they follow the flock for weeks, killing only what they plan to eat. One day the hunters follow the flock into a valley that contains a dead end that will not allow the sheep to pass through. The hunters decide to build several huts and block the only opening in the valley. They settle down as they keep watch over the flock. They begin using the sheep as a reserve of food for when they have no other animals to hunt. They train their dogs to herd and contain the sheep in the valley. Without realizing it, the hunters settled down and became herders and ranchers. Long known to gather grains such as barley, corn, rice, and wheat, the women of the tribe make a discovery. They realize that the seeds they have been gathering from the plants will grow new plants if they are planted back into the ground. So they begin using sticks to plant and harvest more crops. The crops begin to grow and become another food reserve for the winter.These women gatherers naturally became farmers. Now settled, the tribe begins to build more huts of larger size to store their belongings. Over time, the tribe turns into an entire village of people. Once wanderers, these people learned to survive and settle down.

22. Guiding Questions: (Answer in complete sentences) • What is the main idea of this passage? • Label each sentence with either a F (fact) or o(opinion), C (combination of fact/opinion). • Label each sentence with either a T (thesis), S (support), or E (explain). • Does this passage make sense to your way of thinking? Is there some other way that you believe people may have learned to settle down? • What do you think may have happened to the tribe in this story over many more years? • Based on what you just learned, explain the push and pull factors that may have led the first people into Texas.

24. Native Texan Tribes Divide in to The Four Regions of Texas

26. Tribe:Geographic: Social: Economic: Political: Comanches Apaches Jumanos Tiguas Caddoes Karankawas Coahuiltecans Tonkawas Cherokees

32. Native American Groups in Texas Native Texans adapted to their environments, settling in different parts of Texas and developing unique cultures. A Time of Change for Native Texans Life in Prehistoric Texas Although most Native Texan groups were eventually displaced by settlers, their culture and heritage continue to influence the larger culture of Texas. Survival in prehistoric times depended on the ability to hunt and find food. Agriculture allowed people to settle in one place and develop into more complex societies.

33. History of Population Growth in Texas

34. POPULATION FOR SOME NATIVE TEXAS GROUPS, 1690–1890 ESTIMATE IN ABOUT 1690 1890 CENSUS NATIVE GROUP Karankawa 2,000 0 Coahuiltecan 3,500 0 3,500 9 Atakapan Mescalero Apache 1,000 473 Lipan Apache 1,500 66 Comanche 10,000 1,598 Kiowa 2,300 1,140 Tonkawa 2,000 56 Wichita 4,200 358 Caddo 8,000 536 TOTAL 38,000 4,227

35. Building Farms, Roads and Structures Leveling the Land Ways People Change the Environment Planting Trees Causing Pollution