Understanding the Cambridge Phenomenon - Importance for enterprise development

1. Understanding the Cambridge Phenomenon - Importance for enterprise development Dr Shailendra Vyakarnam

2. Who • Pracademic – • Dir of Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning • Initiated courses in entrepreneurship/enterprise for students and staff – primarily in S.E.T disciplines • Transitions • Tristart • Mentor to several entrepreneurs, management teams and provide management development to smaller and mid-sized companies • Presentation based on paper in J of Strategic Change – top 50 most cited management papers in 2005

3. Purpose • Origins in asking for an explanation for the Cambridge Phenomenon and the anecdotal reverence given to entrepreneurs…. • Local Assets? (apart from a famous University) • experience, social capital, nutrient rich networks • Curiosity about gaining a better understanding of social capital and • Thinking about the Implications for teaching, policy and research

4. The growth of workplace jobs in the Knowledge-based sector • in Greater Cambridge (000s) and UK (m), 1971-2001 Source: ABI, LFS, PACEC

5. Number of high tech firms in Cambridge 1600 800 300 200 8% of EU VC In 2005/6 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

7. Principal Components That Caused And Shaped Cambridge Phenomenon After 1960s Yin M. Myint, Shailendra Vyakarnam Cambridge University MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Sinclair Radionics Cambridge Interactive System 1960 CCL Sinclair Research Ltd CAD Centre Barclays Bank 1970 Glaxo Cambridge Science Park PA Technology Nickerson Biotech Laboratory Eicon Research Ltd Analysys Acorn Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory Olivetti Research Laboratory (acquired by AT&T in 1999) BP 1980 Institute of Biotechnology Seiko Epson Research Lab Judge Institute of Management Studies St. John Innovation Centre Scientific Generics TTP Ventures Cantab Pharmaceuticals Toshiba Cambridge Research Laboratory Glaxo Institute of Applied Pharmacology The Technology Partnership TTP Cambridge Research and Innovation Ltd (CRIL) 1990 Amadeus Capital Partners Unilever Cambridge Centre for Molecular Informatics Institute of Manufacturing Entropic Research Laboratory (acquired by Microsoft in 1999) Cambridge Network 2000

8. Why? • Curious about the disconnection between policy and outcomes – SME vs Entrepreneur development • Growing importance to understand how to nurture the formation and development of clusters • Learn about issues of the development of human capital • Learn how and why these people did what they did • The teaching model at CfEL – from those with more experience to those with less – so what do they know and what should the next generation know? • Connect the novice with the experienced – build local social capital

9. Method Segal Quince Wicksteed (1985)’s a complex ``family tree'' of start-ups and spinouts Rosa and Scott (1999) to determine the prevalence of multiple directorship Explored the rate of multiple directorships as a proxy for multiple business ownership amongst the directors of small firms. Showed how many firms could trace their origin back to Cambridge University. • Mapping of the start-ups/spin-outs where key individuals were involved. • Identification of key individuals who influence multiple companies. • Links of entrepreneurs with prior association. • Mapping the level of interconnectivity between companies in a cluster as a measure of its social infrastructure.

10. Yin M. Myint, Shailendra Vyakarnam Steve Barlow Robert Swann Caroline Garey Phil O’ Donovan James Collier Glenn Collinson Aphamosaic Smartbead Technologies Andrew Dames Acquired by Synaptics Polatis Cambridge Silicon Radio Mark Howard Richard Doyle Acquired by Elumin founded by Dr. Hans Wagner Holotag Chris Davies Andrew Dames Sensopad Technologies Cyan Technology Sentec Stuart Hendry Gavin Troughton Pelikon Andrew Dames Chris Fryer Chris Barnardo Absolute Sensors Adrian Lucas Sphere Medical Mike Willis Roger Millar Pivotal Resources Imerge David Paton Mike Willis Steve Temple David Bending Roundpoint 3D Molecular Sciences Cambridge Physical Sciences INCA Digital Printers Xaar Dr. Gordon Edge, Bob Pettigrew Elizabeth Hill Mark Tracy Scientific Generics Nigel Playford Bill Baxter Will Eve Paul Anson Mike Payne Prelude Dr. Robert Hook QuantumBEAM Gordon Edge, Bob Pettigrew, Alan Green Ionica Graham Martin Colin Gray Will Eve Dr. Gordon Edge Tim Eiloart Adaptive Screening ELMJET CCL 1960 Diomed Tony Raven PA 1970 Flying Null Mike Crossfield Acquired by Videojet Technologies Graeme Minto David Paton Domino TTP Tim Eiloart Gerald Avison Ross Green, Mike Kellaway Dr. Robin Smith-Saville Wavedriver Acquired by PowerGen DCS Cambridge Mass Spectrometry Signal Process Ltd Mike Stroey Automation Partnership Richard Archer Until 1985 Symbionics Xennia Technologies Dr. Collin Smithers Demerged from TTP Group Dennis Fielder Alan Hudd Plextek TTPCom 1986-1990 Myriad Tony Millbourn Transversal John Cassells Barrie Griffiths Steve Mullock David Yip David McKay Kore Technology ip.access 1991-1995 Acquired by Mettler-Toledo Acquired by Cadence Ubinetics Ali Pourtaheri TTP Ventures Acumen Bioscience Tality 1996-2000 David Cornell TTP LabTech Richard Philpott John Cassells Yuno Ltd Radiant Networks Vivid Creativity Partnership Stephen Eason Fen Technology Anne Miller Acquired by Vetura 2001-2002

11. RealVNC Virtual Network Computing Andy Hopper Steve Pope Merged with Globespan Level5Network Andy Hopper Peter Warton Ubisense Andy Hopper Andy Hopper Andy Ward Pete Steggles Cambridge Broadband Andy Hopper IPV (Telemedia Systems) Hermann Hauser Andy Hopper Acquired by Western Multiplex Corp Acquired by American Microwave Acquired by AT &T Virata(ATML) Adaptive Broadband Simon Elliot TerraPrise Amadeus Capital Partners Lily Cheng James Hay VBN online Olivetti Research Lab Hermann Hauser Tensails nCipher Splashpower Richard Green Andy Hopper Alex Van Someren Robin Saxby Acquired by Broadcom Acquired by GE Michael Pepper Don Arnone ARM ANT Element 14 Small World Acquired by Olivetti Teraview Richard Green Authur Chance Alex Van Someren Niko Stan Boland DakoCytomation - Merged with Cytomation Inc Cambridge Interactive Systems Part of DAKO Diagnostics John Snyder Charles Lang Webtop Shape Data Acorn Hermann Hauser, Chris Keightley Hermann Hauser IQ Bio Peter Duffett-Smith Acquired by NTL Smartlogik Acquired by Dialog CAD Netchannel CPS Hermann Hauser Jack Lang Hermann Hauser Jack Lang Cambridge University Top express Jack Lang Electronic Share Information Acquired by E* Trade Muscat Analysys CDT Until 1985 John Snyder Dr. Martin Porter Enterprise Accelerator David Cleevely Richard Friend John Snyder Cambridge Semiconductor 1986-1990 Richard Friend Adam Twiss David Reeves Zeus Technology Plastic Logic Cambridge Network Gehan Amaratunga Florin Udrea Pilgrim Beart David Cleevely Hermann Hauser Alec Broers ActiveRF ART 1991-1995 Cambridge 3G Daniel Hall Collin Ager Garraint Davies Virtual Business Network Antenova Saviso Group David Cleevely Innovia Pilgrim Beart Polight Technologies Adam Twiss Bryan Amesbury David Cleevely SimonElliot 1996-2000 Stephen Elliott Pavel Krecmer 2001-2002

12. Yin M. Myint, Shailendra Vyakarnam Acquired by Becker Underwood William Bains John Caldwell Iain Cubitt Greg Winter Pestex Changed its name to MicroBio Group Diversys Merged with Xenova Group Ltd Amedis pharmaceutical RiboTargets Chris Evans Merlin Ventures Simon Sturge Chris Evans Iain Cubitt Chris Evans Martin Davies Acquired by Prometic Biosciences Inc Cerebrus Celsis Axis Genetcs Toad Greg Winter Daivd Chiswell Chris Evans BioRobotics Chris Lowe J. McCann ChiroTech CAT Cambridge Sensors Chris Evans Rapigene Celltech Alan Munro Chris Lowe Enviros Chris Evans Smart Holograms Merged by Celltech Group Cantab Pharmaceuticals Enzymatix Chris Lowe Ken Jones Chiroscience MRC LMB 1960s Affinity chromatography AGC 1984 Alan Goodman Chris Evans Chris Lowe David Bailey Purely Proteins Daniel Roach Alan Goodman Alan Goodman (FD) Philip Dean David Bailey Cambridge University De Novo CeNes AdproTech Alan Goodman ATM Peter Lachmann CORE Until 1985 Biotica Technology Alan Goodman Alan Goodman LINDCO Peter Leadlay Jim Staunton Kudos Pharmaceuticals Oxford Bimedica Alan Goodman Mark Bodmer Stephen Jackson 1986-1990 Hexagen Peptide Therapeutics Now Acambis Acquired by Incyte Avlar BioVentures Metris Therapeutics Lorantis Alan Goodman Daniel Roach Mark Bodmer 1991-1995 Daniel Roach Alan Goodman Amura Paradigm Therapeutics Stephen Smith Steve Charnock-Jones Salix pharmaceutical Alan Goodman Holometrica Dr. Mark Carlton Astex Technology Roger Millington Solexa Sense Proteomics Alan Goodman 1996-2000 Abcam Shankar Balasubramanian Jonathan Milner Prof. Blundell Chris Abell Harren Jhoti Jonathan Blackburn Akubio 2001-2002 Matthew Cooper David Klenerman Tony Minson Daniolabs Paul Goldsmith

13. Richard Youell Hermann Hauser Graham O'Keeffe Gordon Edge Robert Hook 4 links & above Andrew Dames Sir Alec Broers 3 links Jack Lang Jamie Urquhart 2 links Bob Pettigrew 1 link Nigel Berry Richard King Phil O'Donovan Stephen Ives Laurence Garrett Duncan Stewart Gerald Avison Robin Saxby Mike Muller Charles Cotton Chris Wade Pilgrim Beart John Paul Auton David Cleevely Andy Hopper Dr. Peter J. Duffett-Smith Stephen Elliott Peter Wynn Alex Van Someren Richard Friend Robert Swann Ray Anderson Simon Segars Michael Ledzion Structural and relational social capital in the hi-tech cluster LORANTIS

14. Norwich and Peterborough Building Society Some individuals involved in Acorn -1978 St John’s Innovation Centre - Barclays Bank Matthew Bullock Andy Ward Rupert Curwen, Paul Webster, Pete Steggles Andy Harter Tristan Richardson James Weatherall Acquired in 1985 Walter Herriot University of Cambridge Hermann Hauser Olivetti, acquired by AT&T in 1999 Jack Lang Steve Pope Derek Roberts David Riddoch Andy Hopper Orbis 1978 Mike Muller ARM -1990 Sophie Wilson Robin Saxby & Engineers from Acorn Tudor Brown Steve Furber Virata (ATML)- 1993 Chris Curry Peter Wynn Alex Van Someren Sinclair Research Charles Cotton Amadeus Capital Partners Anne Glover Element 14 - 1999 Electronic Share Information Stan Boland ANT-1990 Source of Technology Level 5 Network -2002 Movement of individuals from one organization to another Real VNC 2002 Ubisense 2002 Start-ups Acorn Cluster

15. Social Network 1

16. How the Key Players involve and support the Cambridge Technopole Yin M. Myint, Shailendra Vyakarnam Cambridge entrepreneurs play several roles COMPANY FOUNDERS Strong Academic links Business angels CAMBRIDGE ENTREPRENEURS Mentoring Membership of Research Organizations Multiple Directorships Create a network of networks, exchanging knowledge, expertise and components of each other

17. Research implications • Importance of social capital in the creation of an enabling ecosystem for enterprise • Pathways of innovation • Location of expertise within certain domains • Gender issues; Highly skilled migrant visas – brain circulation • Tacit knowledge – relevance to knowledge transfer • Location of the firm within these networks and GDP value of networks • Causality studies • Corporate governance issues

18. Policy research implications • Drill into local landscape to really understand what is going on – • study replicated to Lowestoft and Waveney… • 10 year view – Schools - Champions • See the work of Dale Meyer (Colorado) Anna Lee Saxenian (Bekeley) • Birth rate strategies for Regions – look at needs of individuals as sources of inspiration and excellence – as important as sectoral investment • Nurture pre-existing networks • Temporal effects of clusters, technopoles – needs to be recognised by policy makers • Multiple Directorships – review the meaning of “Incubators” (see tech transfer conference at Kaufman – Kansas City) • Multiple Roles

19. Teaching • Work with serial entrepreneurs to help with “teaching” and provide an ecosystem in which students can learn, be inspired and consider implementation. • Strong basis of curriculum – understanding “path dependency” – source of insights – need to get beyond anecdotal and received wisdom of teaching • Separation of entrepreneurship education from Business Studies (also a view of Carl Schramm..) • Content • Credibility • Context • This kind of localised research helps find resources • Examples on www.cfel.jbs.cam.ac.uk

20. Five key Elements to enterprise Motivation And Values Intent Skills Risk Appetite Opportunity Recognition

21. The triple helix of self-efficacy: Is there a supportive and Enabling culture to make This journey possible? To Inspire To Inform To help Implement Intent Self Belief Appraisals Training Opportunities Confidence Have tried it and succeeded Building track record Know How

22. Business Skills

23. Risk appetite – A form of measurement that helps discussion

24. Working together Solving problems Social networks and connections

25. Thank you! Happy to explore further: Research – to be replicated – transfer methodology Policy conference around social capital model of teaching Training for enterprise development Tristart as a tool for use by World Bank clients to help de-risk while improving provision s.vyakarnam@jbs.cam.ac.uk PS – more conclusion if we want them!