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Enzymes

Enzymes. SQA Questions. What you should know - ENZYMES. atalyst. peed. A c ________ is a substance which helps to s______ up a chemical reaction . It remains u ________ at the end of the reaction.

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Enzymes

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  1. Enzymes SQA Questions

  2. What you should know - ENZYMES atalyst peed • A c________ is a substance which helps to s______ up a chemical reaction. It remains u________ at the end of the reaction. •  An enzyme is a p_______ which can act as a catalyst inside l_____ c_____ (b_______ c_________). • Enzymes are important for the functioning of living cells because w_______ the aid of e________ the chemical reactions would take place too s______ to maintain life. • Enzymes in a cell are used in ‘b________’ or ‘s_______’ nchanged rotein iological iving ells atalysts ithout nzymes lowly reakdown ynthesis

  3. arge ubstrate maller oins maller • Breakdown is when an enzymes breaks down a l______ s________ molecule into s______ ones • Synthesis is when an enzyme j_____ s______ substrate molecules t_________ to make a larger one • P_______ and c__________ are examples of breakdownenzymes • P______________ is a synthesis enzyme • Enzymes are s________ – they will act only on o___ s__________ • Enzymes are p________ • Enzymes are affected by t__________ and __. ogether epsin atalase hosphorylase pecific ne ubstrate roteins emperature pH

  4. Enzymes revision 1 ells hemical eactions ynthesis lucose tarch egradation atalase xygen

  5. ock ey

  6. pecific changed emperature ptimum enatured epsin 7

  7. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity Maximum enzyme activity- optimum temperature Enzyme activity increases rapidly Enzyme is being denatured

  8. the temperature at which the enzyme has greatestactivity the pH at which the enzyme has greatestactivity

  9. catalase pepsin 11 1 2 4 7 9

  10. pH4 pH1 is active between ph 1 and 4 8. Pepsin • has a working range of ____ to _____. • This means it ______________________ • Pepsin has an optimum pH of ____. This means it has ________ ________ at pH 2 9. Catalase • has a working range of ____ to _____. • This means it ______________________ • Catalase has an optimum pH of ____. This means it has ________ ________ at pH 9 pH2 maximum activity pH7 pH11 is active between ph 7 and 11 pH9 maximum activity

  11. 1 catalase 2 breakdown 4 3 breakdown starch 5 6 phosphorylase 7 synthesis 8 9 Fatty acids + glycerol Fat 10 11 breakdown 13 12 14 breakdown 15

  12. Enzymes revision 2 Speed up reactions Unchanged at the end of reaction Lower the energy needed for a reaction biological Chemical reactions Unchanged at end of reaction synthesis degradation temperature pH specific

  13. Control experiment ontrol • A c______ experiment is set up to prove that the r______ are due to the f______ (v_________) under i___________ esults actor nvestigation ariable Aim: An investigation is set up to prove that starch is digested by amylase enzyme to maltose sugar Draw and describe the control tube Test tube containing 2ml amylase(5% concentration) + 5ml starch solution(10% concentration) Experiment carried out in a water bath at 37ºC

  14. Q. In this investigation, what is the purpose of the control experiment The control p______ that starch digestion o___ occurs when a_______ is present roves nly mylase • Test tube containing • equal volume of water (2ml) • equal volume of starch solution (5ml) • equal concentration of starch solution • ( 10% concentration) • Same temperature ( 37ºC), same type of test tube etc

  15. Aim: An investigation is set up to prove that starch is synthesised by phosphorylase enzyme from glucose 1 phosphate • Draw and describe two control tubes 1cm3 glucose 1 phosphate (3%) 1cm3 phosphorylase enzyme (1%) experiment carried out at room temperature (25ºC)

  16. 1cm3 glucose 1 phosphate (3%) 1cm3 distilled water experiment carried out at room temperature (25ºC) AND 1cm3 phosphorylase enzyme (1%) 1cm3 distilled water experiment carried out at room temperature (25ºC)

  17. Reliability epeating ncreases • R_________ an experiment i_________ r________ of r_______ (__,__.__) • This shows that results are not u___________ or a ‘o___ o___’ • Often an a________ is then calculated eliabilty esults R R R nrepresentative ne ff verage

  18. Averages To find the average number of bubbles … 1. Find the total number of bubbles = 30 4 + 8 + 14 + 4 + 0 2. Divide the total by the number of items There are 5 items in the table 30  5 = 6 3. Don’t forget units in your answer Average = 6 bubbles/s Try this example … 15 ÷ 5 = 3 bubbles/s Click here for answer

  19. Percentages To find the percentage of bubbles at 20ºC … 1. Find the total number of bubbles 1. Find the total 4 + 8 + 16 + 4 + 0 = 32 2. Divide the number of bubbles at 20ºC by the total number  8  32 = 0.25this is the decimal fraction 3. Multiply the decimal fraction by 100 to get the percentage 0.25 x 100 = 25% 25% of the bubbles are produced at 20ºC What percentage of bubbles are produced at 30ºC? 16  32 = 0.5 x 100 = 50% 10ºC? 4  32 = 0.125 x 100 = 12.5%

  20. Ratios To find the simple whole number ratio of bubbles at 10 degrees compared to bubbles at 20 degrees … 1. Write down the ratio of the numbers 10ºC : 20ºC 4 bubbles : 8 bubbles 2. Find a number that will divide into both numbers to give a whole number – in this case 2 4 bubbles  2 : 8 bubbles  2 = 2 bubbles : 4 bubbles 3. Repeat step 2 until you cannot divide again without getting a fraction 2 bubbles  2 : 4 bubbles  2 = 1 bubble : 2 bubbles

  21. Ratios To find the simple whole number ratio of bubbles at 20 degrees compared to bubbles at 30 degrees … 1. Write down the ratio of the numbers 20ºC : 30ºC 8 bubbles : 14 bubbles 2. Find a number that will divide into both numbers to give a whole number – in this case 2 8 bubbles  2 : 14 bubbles  2 = 4 bubbles : 7 bubbles 3. You cannot divide any more without getting a fraction so … the simple whole number ratio is: 4 : 7

  22. apple liver Same temperature Equal mass of tissue Equal concentration of hydrogen peroxide

  23. Same apparatus with dead tissue Improves reliability 3 5

  24. 1 6 Optimum pH specific

  25. √ 30 45 55 - 60 specific

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