Cultural Diversity in South American Tropical Forest Tribes

1. The Handbook of South American Indians (1946-1950) the tropical forest tribe: i.e., you get (in the past) what you see (in 20th century), or, the “one size fits all Amazonian Indian”

2. The New Human Ecologies: Heterogeneity in place of Uniformity – Cultural Diversity and Historical Ecology

3. Culture areas: geography, ecology & history NW Amazon Guianas floodplains West Amazon Pano Southern Amazon Southern Periphery Central Brazil

6. Amazonian Languages • Trunks: • Macro-Tupi (8 families) • Most widespread Tupi-Guarani • Lingua Geral (Nheengatu, TG) • Macro-Gê • Primary family Gê (Kayapo) • Families • Arawak (Comparative Arawakan Histories) • Carib (Wai-wai, Bakairi) • Pano • Tukanoan • Saluma (Yanomamo) • Isolated Languages (majority of Amazonian Languages) Denny Moore, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

7. Amazonian Diaspora The diversity begins a long time ago: Diaspora begin 5,000 to 3,000 years ago ? ? Humid Tropical Forests

10. Complexity, Diversity, and Multi-culturalism:

14. 1581-1640 post-1650

15. 1573 1534 1709 1822 1789

17. Arawak Tupi-Guarani

18. Taino

19. 1418–1460 Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator sponsors exploration of Africa's coast. The Portuguese found valuable sources of pepper in West Africa. 1432 Portuguese discover the Azores, reach Cape Verde. 1445 Portuguese explore West Africa, reach Senegal, and reestablish slave trade. 1450 Henry establishes a Naval observatory for the teaching of navigation, astronomy, and cartography. 1455 A papal Bull recognizes the Portugese monopoly of African Exploration • 1450 Invention of the printing press spurs wide distribution of navigation tables and ship plans. • 1453 Turks overrun Constantinople (Istanbul), shutting off the overland trade route. • 1455-1457 Cadamosto, Venetian sailor, explores West Africa including the Senegal and Gambia rivers • 1470-84 Portuguese explorations discover Africa's Gold Coast and the Congo River. • 1488 Portugese sailor Bartholomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope. • 1492 Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sailing for Ferdinand and Isabella of Castille & Aragorn, after sailing 69 days discovers America (the island of Dominica in the Bahamas, and Cuba), returns to Spain (1493). Second voyage to Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (1493–1496). Third voyage to Orinoco (1498). Fourth voyage to Honduras and Panama (1502–1504).  Dies in poverty 1506. • 1494 The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world between Spain and Portugal for the alleged purpose of spreading Christianity. • 1497-98 Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope and reaches India. Establishes Portuguese colony in India (1502). 1505 Portugese trading posts are established on the Malabar coast. • 1497 Italian John Cabot discovers Newfoundland for England • 1499 Amerigo Vespucci discovers South America. 1500 Pedro Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal. 1501-1502 Vespucci explores the coast of Brazil, proposes that the land is a new continent, which is named America by German mapmaker Martin Waldseemuller in 1507

20. Arawak in theCaribbean Some Arawak words still commonly used are: • barbacoa (barbecue) • hamaca (hammock) • canoa (canoe) • tabaco (tobacco) • yuca (yucca) • huracan (hurricane) Saladoid village (2500-1500 BP)

21. Golden Grove, Tobago AD 1-900

22. Trash Midden Backyard Processing Area House Area

23. Northern Amazonia Trants, Montserrat, BWI c. 500 BC – AD 600 Gaván, Western Orinoquia, c. AD 600-1300

28. Puerto Rico Dominican Republic

29. Concilio Taíno Guatu-Ma-cu A Borikén

32. April, 22 1500, Portuguese arrived off of coast of Brazil

34. Hans Staden

35. Hans Staden German soldier captured by Tupinamba in 1552, learned the Tupi language, and observed many aspects of this largely extinct culture (Hans Staden: The True History of his Captivity, 1557). Staden's descriptions of Tupinamba villages, including their longhouses, palisaded settlements, food preparation, pottery manufacture, marriage and political customs, and the practice of cannibalism. Staden's account and illustrations are a primary source early historic Tupinamba culture, which dominated large portions of southeastern Brazil, and whose language was used as a trade language (lingua geral) as far away as the Andes at the time of initial European contact. Tupi-Guarani still spoken by millions (one of official languages of Paraguay).

38. Jean de Léry (1536-1613) History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Also Called America (1578).

39. France Antarctique, 1555-1567 Huguenots and Calvinists (Protestants) Alliances with Tupinamba and Tamoio

40. Urged by two influential Jesuit priests who had come to Brazil with Mem de Sá, named José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega, and who had played a big role in pacifying the Tamoios, Mem de Sá ordered his nephew, Estácio de Sá to assemble a new attack force. Estácio de Sá founded the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1, 1565 and fought the Frenchmen for two more years. Helped by a military reinforcement sent by his uncle, in January 20, 1567, he imposed final defeat on the French forces and decisively expelled them from Brazil, but died a month later from wounds inflicted in the battle. Coligny's and Villegaignon's dream had lasted a mere 12 years. • Largely in response to the two attempts of France to conquer territory in Brazil (the other one was named France Équinoxiale and occupied present-day São Luís, state of Maranhão), between 1612 and 1615, the Portuguese crown decided to expand its colonization efforts in Brazil.