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Algae, Bryopytes , Pteridophytes , Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

PLANT KINGDOM. Algae, Bryopytes , Pteridophytes , Gymnosperms and Angiosperms . PLANT KINGDOM. classification. Natural system of classification- external and internal characters- Bentham and Hooker.

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Algae, Bryopytes , Pteridophytes , Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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  1. PLANT KINGDOM Algae, Bryopytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

  2. PLANT KINGDOM classification Natural system of classification- external and internal characters- Bentham and Hooker Artificial system of classification- only superficial characters, equal weightage to sexual and vegetative characters- Linnaeus Phylogenetic system of classification- based on evolutionary relationships Numrical taxonomy- using computers Cytotaxonomy- cytological information Chemotaxonomy- chemical constituents

  3. PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic. Moist stones, soil and wood. With animals or plants. • Filamentous- Ulothrix Unicellular- chlamydomonas Colonial= volvox • Kelps

  4. PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE Reproduction: vegetative, asexual, sexual. vegetative- fragmentation • Asexual- zoospores Sexual reproduction- isogamous,anisogamous, oogamous

  5. PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE Importance About half of CO2 fixation by algae • As food= Laminaria, Sargassum Hydrocolloids- algin, carrageen Agar- Gelidium, Gracilaria SCP- chlorella,spirulina

  6. PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE Classes: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae Chlorophyceae Green algae Unicellular, colonial, filamentous Chlorophyll a,b- in chloroplasts Discoid, plate, reticulate, cup, spiral, ribb0n

  7. PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE Chlorophyceae Class: Storage bodies- pyrenoids Vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction Chlamydomonas, volvox, spirogyra

  8. PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE Phaeophyceae Class: marine Brown algae Simple branched to kelps ( even 100 meters Chlorophylla,c, carotenoids and xanthophylls

  9. PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE Phaeophyceae Class: Food is stored as laminarin or mannitol Algin coating over cellulosic cell wall Body- holdfast, stipe and frond Vegetative, asexual and sexual Gametes are pyreform Ectocarpus, dictyota

  10. PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE Rhodophyceae Class: Red algae- due to phycoerythrin Marine- deeper ocean to surface Multicellular, complex Food is stored asfloridean starch Gametes are non-motilie Gracilaria, Gelidium

  11. PLANT KINGDOM BRYOPHYTES Includes mosses and liverworts Amphibians of plant kingdom Play a major role in plant succession Body is thallus like, lack true roots, stem or leaves. Plant body is haploid- called gametophyte Male sex organ- antheridium Female sex organ- archegonium

  12. PLANT KINGDOM BRYOPHYTES In water- antherozoids are transported to egg Zygote is formed- diploid Producesporophyte- dependent on gametopyte Undergoes reduction division- spores( haploid) Spores produce gametophyte Fuel, packing material, succession

  13. PLANT KINGDOM BRYOPHYTES liverworts Plant body is thalloid Moist shady places. Marchantia Thallus is dorsiventral Asexual reproduction- gemmae sexual reproduction-same or different thalli- sex organs- sporophyte

  14. PLANT KINGDOM BRYOPHYTES mosses Protonema – first stag- creeping Gametophyte is predominant Funaria, Sphagnum Vegetative reproduction- fragmenation and budding Sexual reproduction- antheridia,archaegonia Sphorophyte is more elaborate- Foot seta and capsule

  15. PLANT KINGDOM PTERIDOPHYTES Includes horsetails and ferns For medicinal purpose and as soil binders First terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues Found in cool damp shady places Sporophyte- true root, stem and leaves Leaves- microphylls ormacrophylls

  16. PLANT KINGDOM PTERIDOPHYTES Sporophytes bear sporangia in sporophylls Sporophylls from compact bodies- strobili or cones Produce haploid spores- produce inconspicous gametophyte- prothallus-

  17. PLANT KINGDOM PTERIDOPHYTES Antheridium and archaegonium are produced in prothallus Zygote form sporophyte homosporous Heterosporous- selaginella,salvinia- precursor to seed habit Classified into Psilopsida,Lycopsida, sphaenopsida, Pteropsida

  18. PLANT KINGDOM GYMNOSPERMS Naked seeded plants Trees and shrubs Tallest tree- Sequoia

  19. PLANT KINGDOM GYMNOSPERMS Roots are tap root Roots have fungal association- pinus- mycorrhiza Cycas – croralloid roots- cyanobacteria Needle like leaves, sunken stomata, thick cuticle- conifers

  20. PLANT KINGDOM GYMNOSPERMS Heterosporous- haploid micro and mega spores Spores are produced in sporangia in cones/strobili Male strobili- microsporophyll- pollen grain female strobili- megasporophyll-ovule- archegonia

  21. PLANT KINGDOM GYMNOSPERMS Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, gametophytes have no independent existence Pollen grains are released from microsporangium- carried by air After fertilization zygote develop into embryo and the ovules into seeds which are not covered female strobili- megasporophyll-ovule- archegonia

  22. PLANT KINGDOM ANGIOSPERMS Monocotyledons and docotyledons Seeds are enclosed in fruits Male sex organ- anther; female sex organ- pistil Eight celled embryosac

  23. PLANT KINGDOM ANGIOSPERMS Double fertilization Triple fusion Egg+ male gamete= zygote- embryo Primary endosperm nucleus + gamete = PEN

  24. PLANT KINGDOM ANGIOSPERMS Life cycle- alternation of generations

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