World War II

1. World War II

2. Rise of Japan • Review: • 1853: Japan opened to outside trade • 1868 Mutsuhito (Meiji) comes to throne and modernizes • 1894-1895 Japan attacks and defeats China • Sino-Japanese War • 1904-1905 Japan attacks and defeats Russia • Russo-Japanese War • Annexes Korea • First time an Asian nation defeated a Western or European nation • Japan is lone Asian great power

3. During World War I • Obtained German holdings in Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia, and China • Later obtained a permanent seat in League of Nations Council

4. Rise of Militarism • 1930s: Weakened by depression • Silk trade (the main export) collapsed – hurt farmers • But price of rice went up • Many left for other countries (e. g. the United States) • Weaknesses in gov’t (weak parliament, corruption, communist party) led to attempted coups • Allowed the military to gain more power

6. Rise of Totalitarianism • Totalitarianism – Gov’t (led by dictator) controlled every aspect of life • Examples: Hitler and National Socialism (Nazi), Josef Stalin and Soviet Communism

7. U.S.S.R. • Lenin instituted NEP • Step toward capitalism • Lenin died 1924 • Power vacuum • Stalin (from Georgia) won 1929

8. Stalinist Russia • Joseph Stalin • Revered Lenin • Cult of Personalities • Revolution from above • Force heavy industry • Collectivization of Agriculture • Merge all farms into state run farms • Dekulakization • Purges • Use of terror • End counterrevolutionaries • Get rid of old Bolsheviks • Stalin rewrote history with himself as hero • Left only yes-men • Purge army • Sent people to gulags • Marxism?

9. Rise of Fascism • Fascism (coined by Benito Mussolini) • Nation is driving force • No individualism (or human rights) • Violence is revered • Ultra nationalism • Antithesis of classical liberalism

10. Rise of Fascism • Italy • Broken from WWI • Socialist movement • Mussolini • Black shirts • March on Rome • Given Prime Minister • Il Duce • Tried to build Italian Empire • Invaded Ethiopia

11. Spain • Francisco Franco • Became dictator • Suppressed culture • Spanish Civil War • As Hitler was building up, he supported and tested tactics against Spanish Republicans

12. Rise of Fascism • Germany • National Socialism – Nazism • Weimar Republic (formed at end of WWI) • Problems • Many parties • Blamed for Versailles Treaty • Jews became scapegoats • Runaway inflation • Reparations • Americans help with reparations • Until Great Depression

13. Hitler • Formed Brown Shirts (Stormtroopers) • 1923 failed coup • Wrote Mein Kampfin prison • Aryans • Jews have no state • Lebensraum • Germany needs to be powerful • Needs a dictator

14. Hitler campaigns • Great Depression caused 40% unemployment • 1932: Nazis were largest party in parliament • Communists 2nd • 1933 Became Chancellor (to stamp out communism) • Dismantled constitution • Sole dictator DerFührer • 1934 • Purged party • Wanted to owe nothing • Gestapo

15. Became totalitarian • Stamped out culture • Spread anti-Semitism • Hitler Youth

16. “A bomber aircraft on take-off carries 12 dozen bombs, each weighing 10 kilos. The aircraft takes off for Warsaw the international centre for Jewry. It bombs the town. On take-off with all bombs on board and a fuel tank containing 100 kilos of fuel, the aircraft weighed about 8 tons. When it returns from the crusade, there are still 230 kilos left. What is the weight of the aircraft when empty ?"

17. Beginning of WWII • Hitler dismantled Treaty of Versailles • Stopped reparations • Built up army • League of Nations was weak • Policy of Appeasement • Hitler got all Ethnic Germans together • Austria and Sudetenland • 1938 Conference at Munich • Neville Chamberlain • 1939 Hitler took Czechoslovakia

18. 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact • Soviets stay out of war • Carve up Eastern Europe • Hitler invaded Poland (4 weeks) • Western powers declare war • 6 months to mobilize – “phony war” • Hitler took Belgium, Netherlands, and France in a few weeks (June 1940) • Puppet gov’t set up in Vichy, France • Bombed Britain • British developed radar (so Hitler turned east)

19. 1941 Turned on U.S.S.R. (goal all along—lots of commies and Jews) • June 22 – Operation Barbarossa • Almost got to Moscow • Besieged Leningrad • Turning point at Stalingrad • Dec 7,1941 Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor • Japanese expanding and tried to knock out only power that could stop them

21. Holocaust • Racial Purity • First: expel Jews to an island (not feasible) • Revoked citizenship • Sent them to ghettos and labor (concentration) camps • Final Solution • Extermination • Labor camps  death camps (Auschwitz)

22. Allies • 1942 Soviet Union doing the suffering • Stalin wanted invasion of France • Churchill went to North Africa first (British Empire) • Churchill then went to Italy (Communists) • 1944 Allies finally Invade France • D-Day June 6, 1944 • Beginning of the end of war • Clear that Germany would lose • Russians were marching toward Berlin • V-E Day May 8, 1945

23. Plans for Recovery • 1943 Big Three Met in Tehran • Churchill, Stalin, FDR • Laid out plans of invading Germany • February 1945 Yalta • Stalin had upper hand • Got control of Eastern Europe with “Democratic” elections • Germany divided into Four occupation zones • Stalin wanted all Russian POWs sent home • Japan was a matter of the United States • USSR would join when Germany was defeated

24. Potsdam July 1945 (By now: Truman is president) • U.S. and G.B. tried to force Stalin to allow fair elections in Eastern Europe • Would have taken a war • United Nations formed • June 1945 • More effective • U.S. and U.S.S.R joined

25. Recovery • Massive economic disaster • Marshall Plan • Americans to rescue • Gave aid, not loans • You had to cooperate • Eastern Europe refused by Soviet Bloc • Western Countries benefitted a lot • Wanted Western Europe to be thriving democracies • And markets

28. Hirohito: Emperor of Japan

29. The Pacific Theater • Japan was very democratic as of 1922 • High standard of living • Industrialization led to major conglomerates (zaibatsu) • Powerful firms led to corrupt gov’t • Ultranationalism emerged • Violently anti-western, big business, democracy, Marx • Blamed for destruction of older superior Japanese practices • Revived old ways (samurai code, divinity of emperor • “Asia for the Asians”

30. Great depression hit • Ultra-nationalists blamed system, people believed it • New markets needed; Rise of nationalism in China • Incident created and Manchuria invaded 1931 • Left League of Nations

31. 1937, invasion of China • Quickly took Beijing • Took capital, Nanjing, and major atrocities were committed. • “Rape of Nanjing” • Japan held coast, but Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought on

32. Expansion • Empire not self sufficient • 1940 – Alliance with Germany and Italy • Used French and British vulnerability to invade SE Asia • US applied sanctions (cut off scrap metal, oil, and froze Japanese assets) • War inevitable • December 1941 – Pearl Harbor

33. Defeated Dutch and British armies to seize Hong Kong and Southeast Asia • Also took Philippines in 1942

34. Pacific Theater • Turning point Coral Sea and Midway • Island hopping • Take Philippines • Iwo Jima • Okinawa

38. Instead of invading Japan, Truman dropped Atomic Bomb (Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945; Nagasaki Aug 9, 1945) • Save lives? • Show Soviet Union what they had? • V-J Day August 14, 1945

39. Since WWII • Allies (the U.S. occupied Japan) • Clean house of connections to the old regime • Favored liberals and wrote constitution • Keep emperor in place (figurehead)

40. Since WWII • Japan was a major ally when China became communist 1949 • Became independent 1952 • Complete recovery • Consumer culture (“Coca-Colonization”) • Industry