Mr. Porter APUSH POWERPOINT CHAPTERS 20-22

1. Mr. Porter APUSH POWERPOINT CHAPTERS 20-22 THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

2. KEYS TO THE UNIT Ft. Sumter and the start of the war Border States Foreign Nation Issues Draft Issues Greenbacks and Monetary Issues The Battles Reconstruction

3. Ft. Sumter and the Start of the War Lincoln inauguration March 4th, 1861: insists that there cannot be two nations Ft. Sumter is important is running out of supplies. Lincoln informs south he is sending supplies but no military items South attacks anyway on April 12th, no one dies except a horse

4. The North’s reaction to the fall of Fort Rallied North against the South Lincoln called for 75,000 troops & gets them Lincoln orders blockade of Southern ports The South responds to the call for troops See this as an aggressive attack on South 4 more states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina) join original 7 in Confederacy Richmond, Virginia became capital

5. Seceding States

6. Border States are the Key Lincoln must keep four key border states: 1.Missouri 2. Kentucky 3. Maryland 4. Delaware * Later W. Virginia will split away from Virginia and join the Union.

7. Dealing with the Border States Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland and sent in federal troops Ex Parte Milligan ruling (civilian courts required) will go against Lincoln but to late to matter Lincoln declared North was fighting to keep Union together, not against slavery

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES South only had to fight defensively and had higher moral and enthusiasm for war South has greater/better generals North has greater economy North has more people North has greater industrialized power North controls the seas and coast line

9. Population and Economic Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

10. Foreign National Issues South wanted help from Britain or France Elites in Britain and France were openly supportive of South Working classes in Britain and France strongly favored North Wanted abolition; believed that if North won, slavery would be abolished

11. Britain depended on South for 75% of their cotton; but doesn’t need all their cotton: Large shipments in 1857 – 1860 gave Britain surpluses that lasted first 1 1/2 years of war India became a larger provider of cotton in 1857 By time surpluses ran out, Lincoln had announced emancipation, putting English working class firmly behind North North sent wheat and corn to England North had plentiful harvests; Britain had series of bad harvests and If England broke Northern blockade, US would cut off shipments of corn and wheat

12. Late 1861 – the Trent affair Union ship stopped a British ship and arrested 2 Confederate diplomats going to Europe Angry British prepared for war but slow communications allowed passions to cool down Lincoln released the 2 prisoners (“One war at a time”) British-built Confederate commerce raiders British laws allowed the ships to be built in England, sail away unarmed, and then pick up guns later Alabama was most famous; captured over 60 US merchant marine ships before being sunk in 1864 Over 250 US ships captured by raiders

13. Mexico 1863 – Napoleon III (France) occupied Mexico and put Maximilian into power Flagrant violation of Monroe Doctrine Napoleon had hoped that US would lose war and be unable to stop France 1865 – US threatened war against France if French did not withdraw Napoleon withdrew French Army; Maximilian overthrown and killed

14. President Davis Versus Lincoln Davis as a leader Stubborn leader who sometimes defied public Micromanaging every detail of war Had to deal with STATE RIGHTS CONFEDERATES who often refused to help confederacy outside of their own states

15. Lincoln as leader had problems, but less serious than Davis North had recognized and legitimate government Lincoln was quiet and patient, yet firm Demonstrated charity to South and forgiveness to attacks from opponents in the North Lincoln went around some provisions of Constitution to keep the United States united Congress generally confirmed Lincoln’s actions Lincoln’s increases in authority were only to continue as long as war continued

16. THE DRAFT ISSUES Northern army at first was volunteer States had quota based on population 1863 – Congress passed first national conscription (draft) law Unfair to poor; rich could pay $300 for exemption 1863 – draft riot in New York City Poor and anti-black (Irish) rioted against the draft and killed black citizens

17. 90% of Union soldiers were volunteers Toward end of war, bounties (up to $1,000) paid to volunteers “bounty jumpers” would enlist, get the bounty, desert, and then re-enlist About 200,000 deserted from Union army (not only bounty jumpers)

18. South at first also relied on volunteers Had to resort to draft 1 year earlier than Union (April 1862) Willing to take almost anyone, including young and old (17 – 50) Confederate draft very unjust Rich could hire a substitute or purchase an exemption Slave owners or overseers with 20 or more slaves could claim exemption Many poor, Southerners felt they were fighting so rich could keep slaves “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

19. The Economic Issues Taxation Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol Income tax levied for first time by Congress Tariffs 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act passed - Raised tariffs 5% to 10%, to gain revenue Tariffs continued to go up as war costs increased & Republican Party becomes recognized as party of big business

20. Paper money Greenbacks printed ($450 million) Not backed by gold so no constant value lead to large inflation issues Borrowing $2.6 billion raised (net) through sale of bonds Treasury sold bonds through private banking house of Jay Cooke and Company

21. National Banking System Passed in 1863 Purpose to stimulate sale of government bonds and establish standard bank-note currency (to replace different worthless notes issued by different banks) Banks would purchase government bonds and then issue money backed by the bonds A 10% tax was placed on notes issued by state banks to tax them out of existence First unified banking network since Jackson killed the Bank of the US in 1836 Lasted until 1913 when FED established

22. SOUTH HAS HUGE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS $400 million in Confederate bonds sold States’ righters opposed direct taxation Only 1% of CSA’s revenue came from taxes Confederate paper dollar Printed without backing Runaway inflation (9,000%) over course of war; Confederate dollar worth only 1.6 cents when war ended

23. NORTH EXITS WAR RICHER THAN IT STARTED New Factories and technology improvements 1859 – oil discovered in Pennsylvania 300,000 pioneers continued to move West Free land under Homestead Act of 1862 and desire to avoid draft led many to go West Only major industry to be hurt during war was ocean trade Because of Alabama and other Confederate raiders

24. Opportunities for women during the war Women moved into industrial jobs to make war supplies (especially sewing uniforms and shoes) Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female doctor) Trained nurses, collected medical supplies for hospitals Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix trained nurses Sally Tompkins (in South) ran infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers

25. THE BATTLES OF THE WAR North (and South) expected a quick war Thus Lincoln only called for 90 day volunteers Summer 1861 – Union soldiers at Washington move to attack smaller Confederate army at Bull Run (Manassas Junction), 30 miles south in Virginia July 1861 If Union successful strength would be demonstrated and Union could move to Richmond

26. Effects of Bull Run South’s victory increased overconfidence Soldiers believed war was over Enlistment rates decreased; preparations for long-term war slowed Andrew Stonewall Jackson earns his nickname North’s defeat was better (long-term) for the Union Ended belief that war would be over quickly Caused Northerners to prepare for long war Congressman embarrassed by retreat

27. Late 1861 – Gen. George B. McClellan given command of Army of the Potomac (main army) Excellent organizer and drillmaster Extremely cautious Lincoln would grow impatient with his refusal to ever attack June 26 – July 2, 1862 – Seven Days’ Battles General Lee counterattacked McClellan, driving Union back to sea Lincoln relieved McClellan of command Campaign was not total failure, since South had lost 20,000 men, to Union’s 10,000

28. Union turned to 6-part strategy of total war Suffocate South by blockading its ports Free the slaves to undermine economy Cut Confederacy in 1/2 by control of M. River Cut Confederacy into small pieces Take Confederate capital at Richmond Engage the enemy everywhere

29. Merrimack vs. the Monitor 1862 – South rebuilt old US warship (the Merrimack); used old iron rails to plate its sides; ship renamed the Virginia March 9, 1862 – Monitor (a small Union iron ship) fought Merrimack to standstill Confederates destroyed Merrimack to keep it from being captured by Union

30. August 29/30, 1862 – Second Battle of Bull Run Lee attacks and defeats boastful Gen. Pope -Over confidence by Lee would have him march North to Maryland and the battle of Antietam in hopes of forcing a peaceful resolution with North, securing foreign assistance, and having those in Maryland rise up and join him but plan will fail

31. Antietam September 17, 1862 – Antietam Creek, MD. Northern soldiers found a copy of Lee’s battle plans wrapped around 3 cigars dropped by mistake McClellan stopped Lee’s advance on the bloodiest day of the war (3,600 dead on both sides, over 20,000 wounded) McClellan relieved of command for not pursuing Lee’s retreating army

32. Dead Soldiers after Antietam

33. Importance of Antietam Most decisive battle of Civil War; South had come very close to victory but loss proves costly British and French governments remain neutral Lincoln finally ready to issue emancipation proclamation after a victory Said that on Jan. 1, 1863 would issue final proclamation Did not actually free any slaves Declared “forever free” slaves in Confederate states not conquered by Union Did not affect slaves in Border States or areas of South the Union had conquered Feared emancipation would cause disunion in Union-controlled areas if carried out fully

34. Effect of Emancipation Proclamation Moral cause of the North strengthened South’s moral position weakened Showed that slavery was over in all of South when North won the war Changed nature of the war because there was no chance of negotiation to end the war Southern reaction to the Proclamation Lincoln trying to cause slave insurrection

35. Northern reaction to the Proclamation Moderate abolitionists praised Lincoln Radicals believed he did not go far enough Many Northerners believed he had gone to far Fall 1862 elections went against Republicans (although they kept control of Congress) Desertions in Union army increased; soldiers (especially from Border States) fought to preserve the Union, not free slaves

36. Union took blacks in Army as white numbers ran low but originally had not let them fight Whites in North and South protest black service but 180,000 blacks did serve Allowed blacks to fight for slaves’ freedom and strengthen their claim to full citizenship at end of war Black resistance in the South Fear of rebellion forced many white “home guards” to stay in South

37. General Burnside replaced McClellan after Antietam December 13, 1862 – Fredericksburg, Va. Burnside launched frontal assault on Lee’s entrenched position and 10,000 Union casualties lead Lincoln to relieve Burnside with “Fighting Joe” Hooker May 2 – 4, 1863 – Chancellorsville, Va. Union army defeated Costly for Lee because Jackson mistakenly killed by his own men that evening Hooker relieved of command; General George G. Meade put in command of Union Army

38. The Road to Gettysburg, December 1862–July 1863 and Lee’s Last Hope for end to war

39. July 1 – 3, 1863 – Gettysburg Battle went back and forth over 3 days Gen. George Pickett’s charge against Union lines driven back, breaking Confederate advance, forcing Lee to retreat Importance of Gettysburg Confederate peace delegation (moving toward Washington from south, while it was hoped victorious Confederate Army advanced on Washington from north) rejected by Lincoln Final chance for Southern victory; South fought lost cause for 2 more years

40. November 19, 1863 – Gettysburg Address 2-minute address (following 2 hour address by a former president of Harvard -Evert) Not appreciated at the time; now seen as one of the greatest speeches in US history Purpose that day was to create a national park/burial ground for all the dead still there FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO……

41. Victories in West brings Grant to Lincoln Grant’s background Mediocre student at West Point Had fought in Mexican War Stationed in isolated western posts Boredom and loneliness drove Grant to drinking Grant still drank, but Lincoln refused to punish him because of his successes

42. April 6 – 7, 1862 – Shiloh Grant attempted to capture Corinth, Mississippi Confederate force stopped Grant at Shiloh, just across Tennessee border from Corinth Showed that war in West would not be won quickly or easily Lincoln refused to remove Grant after loss “I can’t spare this man; he fights.” July 4, 1863 – Vicksburg (Mississippi) General Grant laid siege to city for several months, starving out the city Confederates inside ate rats and mules to survive Vicksburg surrendered to Grant day after Confederate defeat at Gettysburg

43. The Mississippi River and Tennessee1862-63

44. General William Tecumseh Sherman Conquest of Georgia September 1864 – Atlanta captured November 1864 – Atlanta burned -Nov.– Dec. 1864 – March to the sea 60K Union soldiers lived off the land Union burned buildings, railroads and destroyed all “War…is all hell” (Sherman) Purpose was to destroy supplies and morale of South

45. Sherman's March 1864-65

46. Dec. 1864 – April 65 – Sherman turns north to South Carolina and North Carolina South Carolina blamed for provoking war (first state to secede) Destruction in South Carolina even worse than in Georgia “Forty Acres and a Mule” order was not approved by Lincoln and would be rescinded after the war

47. The Politics of War Republicans in North divided before election of 1864 and Lincoln faces challenges Radicals, including Secy. of Treasury Salmon Chase Questioned Lincoln’s abilities as commander-in-chief and commitment to abolition Democrats in North even more dangerous than Republicans but were very divided

48. “War Democrats” Supported Lincoln and the war “Peace Democrats” Did not support the war Copperheads Named for poisonous snake Radicals who opposed the war and openly sympathized with the South Attacked the draft, Lincoln, and emancipation Strong in Southern Ohio, Illinois, Indiana

49. The Election of 1864 Lincoln depended on his defeating the Peace Democrats and Copperheads Republicans joined with War Democrats to form the Union Party (in existence for only that election) to gain more votes and support Republican Party not on ballot in South

50. The Election of 1864 Vice-presidential nominee Andrew Johnson War Democrat from Tennessee and small slave owner On ticket to gain Democratic votes from War Democrats and Border States Democrats nominate Gen. George McClellan