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UNIT 13

UNIT 13. WORLD WAR TWO. World War Two Timeline. 1933 : Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. 1936 : Germany sent troops into the Rhineland. 1938 : The Munich agreement. 1939 : World War Two begins. 1940: The Battle of Britain. German blitzkrieg.

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UNIT 13

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  1. UNIT 13 WORLD WAR TWO Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  2. World War Two Timeline • 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. • 1936: Germany sent troops into the Rhineland. • 1938: The Munich agreement. • 1939: World War Two begins. • 1940: The Battle of Britain. German blitzkrieg. • 1941: Pearl Harbor. Operation Barbarossa. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  3. World War Two Timeline • 1942: Dieppe. Stalingrad. Mass murder of Jews began. • 1943: Germans are defeated at Stalingrad. • 1944: D-Day. U.S. bombs Okinawa and Iwo Jima. • 1945: Germany surrendered. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The United Nations is founded. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  4. 13.1 Appeasement Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  5. What is Appeasement? • Prevent aggressors from starting wars. • Agree to those demands which seem reasonable. • Chamberlain used this policy with Hitler in 1938. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  6. How was Hitler Appeased? • He violated the Treaty of Versailles. • 1933: Germany began to rearm. • Reparations payments cease. • 1935: Anglo-German Naval agreement. • 1936: Troops marched into the Rhineland. • 1938: Anschluss with Austria. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  7. Why did Chamberlain Follow the policy of “Appeasement?” • Appeasement would allow time to rearm. • Hitler would defend against Russian Communism. • People wanted peace. • Britain could not fight Germany alone. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  8. Why Appeasement? • Versailles had been too harsh. • The League of Nations still existed. • Neville Chamberlain misjudged Hitler. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  9. Results of Appeasement • Britain was discredited. • Millions of people came under Nazi rule. • Appeasement encouraged Hitler’s territorial ambitions. • Contributed to the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Pact. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  10. 13.2 Long-Term Causes of the Second World War Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  11. The Treaty of Versailles • Land taken from Germany. • Reparations. • The War Guilt clause (Article 231). • Germany was desperate for revenge. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  12. The Failures of the League • Failed to stop aggressive moves in the inter-war period. • Manchuria and Abyssinia. • The League did not deter Hitler or Mussolini. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  13. The Impact of the Depression • International loans were called in. • Unemployment and poverty spread rapidly. • Democracies seemed helpless. • Contributed to the rise of aggressive dictators. • The Depression resulted in appeasement. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  14. Hitler’s Ambitions • Hitler would regain the territory lost at Versailles. • Lebensraum for his master race. • Destroy communism. • Massive rearmament campaigns under Hitler. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  15. Appeasement • Hitler regarded Britain as spineless. • The USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact. • The Munich Agreement was signed. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  16. The Nazi-Soviet Pact • A two-front war was avoided. • Hitler believed the pact would force Britain to back down over Poland. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  17. 13.3 Immediate Causes of WWII (1938-1939) Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  18. Timeline of 1938 • September 28: The Munich Agreement is signed. • December 1: Britain sets up a “National Register. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  19. Timeline of 1939 • January 2: RAF produces 400 planes a month. • February 15: Defense spending set at 580 million pounds a year. • March 15: Hitler invades Czechoslovakia. • April 25: Parliament votes to spend 1 322 million pounds on defense. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  20. Timeline of 1939 • May 1: The Military Training Act introduces conscription in Britain. • May 22: Pact of Steel. • August 23: The Nazi-Soviet Pact is signed. • September 1: Hitler invades Poland. • September 3: Britain declares war on Germany. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  21. German Rearmament • By March 1935 the Luftwaffe had 2500 planes. • Germany’s army numbered 300,000 men. • Hitler publicly announced compulsory military conscription. • France and Britain did not respond. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  22. Navy • 1935: Anglo-German Naval Agreement. • Allowed Germany 1/3 the tonnage of the Royal Navy. • Equal tonnage of submarines. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  23. Rhineland • March 1936: 32 000 German soldiers entered the Rhineland. • France did not respond. • He was confident to look toward land in the East. • Germany benefited from the industry rich Rhineland. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  24. Anschluss with Austria • German forces entered Vienna on March 15, 1938. • Britain and France verbally protested. • 100 000 troops were added to the German army. • Germany gained control of Austrian resources. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  25. Czechoslovakia • The German population lived in the Sudetenland. • Hitler planned to invade Czechoslovakia in 1938. • Germany, Britain, France and Italy met in Munich. • The Sudetenland is given to Germany. • Britain warns Germany that Poland will be protected. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  26. 13.4 The Nature of Warfare Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  27. The Nature of the Second World War • Civilian Casualties are very high. • Ideological Conflict: fascism versus democracy. • Total War: everywhere is a battlefield. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  28. Tactics of the Second World War • Blockade. • Blitzkrieg or ‘Lightning War.’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  29. Technology • Radar: gave the British great advantage. • Tanks: German tanks were small and fast. • Aircraft: bombing was a major strategy of the war. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  30. Technology • Medicine: prevented infections. • Code Breaking: British were able to crack the German enigma. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  31. 13.5 Russia Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  32. Operation Barbarossa • A Blitzkrieg style invasion was planned for Russia. • Russia was heavily unprepared. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  33. Hitler’s Views • Hitler’s racial prejudices. • Russia had oil reserves and wheat. • Control of Russia was basic to the Nazi program. • Russia was communist. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  34. Stalin’s Views • Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact. • Hitler was bogged down in the West and South. • A British ploy to pull Russia into a war with Germany. • Blitzkrieg made no sense against such a large nation. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  35. The Battle of Stalingrad • German military methods were studied. • Battle of Attrition would undermine Blitzkrieg. • German army at Stalingrad become trapped. • 90% of German casualties came on the Eastern Front. • Russia had successfully undermined the Blitzkrieg. • The turning point of the Eastern Front. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  36. Why were the Germans Defeated? • Hitler underestimated Soviet forces and equipment. • The winter of 1941-42 was brutal. • Supply problems. • Inadequate Soviet roads. • Retreating Russians used a “scorched earth policy.” Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  37. 13.6 The Pacific Theatre Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  38. Pearl Harbor • The Americans would be an easy target. • A devastating attack would leave Japan a free hand in the Pacific. • The Japanese missed the most crucial targets. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  39. Pearl Harbor • The U.S. joined in the fight against the Axis Powers. • World War Two was now an international war. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  40. Okinawa • Part of a three-point American plan. • Japanese forces were to hold the island at all costs. • The U.S. would destroy the remainder of Japan’s merchant fleet. • There were four airfields on the island. • On July 2, 1945 Okinawa was declared secure by the Americans with heavy casualties on both sides. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  41. Iwo Jima • The tiny island had two airfields. • Japanese soldiers had strong defensive positions. • Iwo Jima was “softened up” by bombing raids. • The Marines took heavy casualties. • Japanese determination would influence the use of the atomic bombs. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  42. Factors in the Decision to Drop the Bomb • An invasion of Japan would be avoided. • The U.S.S.R. was set to enter the Pacific War. • The bomb had cost over two billion dollars. • Millions of Japanese lives would be saved. • Only three bombs had been produced. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  43. Why were the Japanese so successful at the start of the war? • The Japanese had developed modern battle tactics. • The Bushido belief. • Japanese soldiers were trained to live off the land. • Japanese troops were supported by the locals. • America’s military was not yet fully deployed. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  44. Why did Japan eventually lose the Pacific War? • The U.S. overwhelmed Japan with her manpower and ability to produce war goods. • Japanese factories were heavily bombed. • Pearl Harbor made great propaganda. • Shipments from mainland Asia to Japan were sunk. • 104 000 tons of bombs were dropped on Japan. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  45. 13.7 The Holocaust Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  46. Timeline of the Holocaust • 1939: Jews must turn in radios and wear yellow stars of David. • 1940: Jews are forced into ghettos. Nazis begin deporting Jews to Poland. • 1942: Jews are forbidden to use public transportation or attend school. Nazi officials discuss the 'Final Solution.’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  47. Timeline of the Holocaust • 1943: 80 to 85 percent of the Jews to die have already been murdered. • 1944: Hitler began deporting 12,000 Hungarian Jews each day to Auschwitz. • 1945: World War II ends in Europe. The death camps are emptied. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  48. Timeline of the Holocaust • 1946: Nuremburg Trials. • 1947: A Jewish homeland becomes the State of Israel in 1948. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  49. Possible Causes of the Holocaust • Hitler’s personal vendetta. • Hitler may have been mentally ill. • Jews were prominent within the Communist party. • Jews had ‘stabbed Germany in the back.’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

  50. Stage One: Denial of Rights (1933-1938) • 1933: Jews lose the right to be German citizens. • 1935: The Nuremburg Laws enforce segregation. • 1938: All Jewish personal property was confiscated. • 1933-39: Government propaganda against the Jews. • 1933-39: Jewish schoolchildren are humiliated. • By 1938, over 25% of the Jews in Germany had left. Unit 13 IB History of Europe - McQuaid

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