European colonialism in the Middle East

1. European colonialism in the Middle East Intervention, Transformation, Independence

2. Definitions Imperialism Policy of extending control over foreign entities either thru direct or indirect political or economic intervention Colonialism System in which a state claims sovereignty over territory & resources beyond its borders, displacing or ruling its local population

3. European colonialism in the Middle East, late 18th-late 19th c. 1798-1801 French invasion of Egypt British outposts on the Arabian Peninsula, 1799 French annexation of Algeria, 1834 (settler colonialism) British administrative occupation of Egypt, 1882 Russian and British imperialism in Iran

4. Imperialism in Africa, late 19th-early 20th century

5. Responses:Transformations in Ottoman rule Ottoman reform: The Tanzimat, 1830s-1870s New centralization New technologies (railroad) New education New institutions Autonomous reforms (Egypt) Erosion of Ottoman economic and political independence Capitulations European protection of non-Muslim minorities 1881 Public Debt Administration Nationalism loss of Ottoman territories in Europe Turkish and Arab nationalism Communal violence

6. European colonialism in the Middle East, 20th century WWI and Competing promises: Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, Sykes-Picot agreement; Balfour Declaration Post WWI: League of Nations-sanctioned Mandate System gives Britain and France administrative control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Syria, & Lebanon Many other areas remain under direct or indirect colonialism

7. Sykes-Picot Agreement

8. The Mandate System certain parts of the world put under �trusteeship� of various victorious European powers British mandates in the MidEast: Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan French mandates in the MidEast: Syria, Lebanon Mandates both sanctify western colonialism but also circumscribe it

10. Outside the Mandate True independence: Turkey Mostly independent: Yemen, S. Arabia Direct colonial rule: Libya (Italy); Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia (French) External control & influence: Iran (Britain, Russia, U.S.), Egypt (Britain) British treaties of protection: Kuwait, Oman, U.A.E.

12. Full Independence: How and When Military Coup: Egypt (1952), Iraq (1958) Revolution: Iran (1979) War: Turkey (1920-1923), Algeria (1954-1962), Israel (1948) Uprising and Int. Agreement: Libya, Syria, Lebanon (after WWII) Treaty: Jordan (1946/8), Tunisia (1956), Morocco (1956) Communities promised states/autonomy that did not receive them: Palestinians, Kurds, Armenians

13. Colonialism: Overarching effects Creation of new, national states in place of the Ottoman Empire (Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Turkey, etc.) Implanting of western-supported regimes (especially monarchies) that use violence to maintain authority. In many cases, these would later be violently overthrown. Centralization of political power. Loss of rural autonomy. Reorganization of social relationships among different groups. Privileging of some religious and social groups over others, leading to future conflict. Massive economic disruption. New economic relationships, with arrangements particularly benefiting western powers New models: nationalism, �modernity vs traditional�

14. Colonialism & Imperialism,summed up (a perspective)