Multichoice Unit 1 Jan 09

1. Multichoice Unit 1 Jan 09 • Objectives: • Complete a multichoice paper to assess knowledge and understanding of unit 1 • Discuss ‘awkward’ questions • Identify terms or topics for revision or further study These are the instructions given on the exam paper

2. Don’t pick an answer until you have looked at all the options Good advice for multichoice! Read any text all the way through before reading the questions There might be a clue to a question somewhere else on the paper Answer the questions you can do easily, then go back over the questions you missed Use elimination to narrow your choice Don’t guess an option that you have already eliminated Don’t keep changing your mind – you can’t go back to an answer already struck out Don’t leave any questions blank

3. Jan 09 1 If you have time, fill this in as you go Put an ‘x’ in the option box (do not use other symbols) and indicate how sure you are of your answer Title????

4. Read the passage ‘Black Swans’ and answer questions 1 to 3 Black Swans In the 16th century, all the swans observed in Europe were white. Perhaps it seemed obvious for Europeans to conclude that all swans were white. Who would have predicted that Dutch explorers would discover black swans in Australia in the 17th century? The phrase “Black Swan” is now used to describe an unpredictable event. 1. ‘All the swans observed in Europe were white’ is best described as • A coincidence • B fact • C opinion • D generalisation

5. Read the passage ‘Black Swans’ and answer questions 1 to 3 Black Swans In the 16th century, all the swans observed in Europe were white. Perhaps it seemed obvious for Europeans to conclude that all swans were white. Who would have predicted that Dutch explorers would discover black swans in Australia in the 17th century? The phrase “Black Swan” is now used to describe an unpredictable event. 2. ‘Perhaps it seemed obvious...’ is best described as • A coincidence • B fact • C opinion • D generalisation

6. Read the passage ‘Black Swans’ and answer questions 1 to 3 Black Swans In the 16th century, all the swans observed in Europe were white. Perhaps it seemed obvious for Europeans to conclude that all swans were white. Who would have predicted that Dutch explorers would discover black swans in Australia in the 17th century? The phrase “Black Swan” is now used to describe an unpredictable event. 3. The original conclusion that ‘...all swans everywhere are white’ is a result of an argument by • A cause • B coincidence • C deduction • D induction

7. 4. Which one of these describes the correct sequence of activities in the development of a scientific theory? • A testinghypothesisobservationtheory • B observationtestinghypothesistheory • C testingobservationhypothesistheory • D observationhypothesistestingtheory

8. 5. Occam’s Razor (the principle of simplicity) can be used to • A select the equipment used in scientific experiment • B decide what measurements to make in a scientific experiment • C keep experimental procedures as uncomplicated as possible • D choose between rival scientific theories

9. 6. Which of these would be a suitable topic for scientific investigation? • A Is a cure for AIDS possible? • B Should we spend more money on health services? • C Are biological weapons immoral? • D Is space exploration a waste of money?

10. 7. Early opponents of the Copernican theory rejected it because • A it was too complicated • B the predictions for planetary orbits were inaccurate • C it challenged religious beliefs • D it was not based on observations

11. 8. A problem associated with nuclear power generation, but not with other forms of generation, is • A the need to import raw materials • B the large amount of waste produced • C the effect on local wildlife • D the long half-life of the waste produced

12. 9. Which one of these areas of scientific research does not receive financial support from charities? • A nuclear fusion • B renewable energy • C hereditary disease • D animal welfare

13. 10. Carbon capture can prevent an increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon capture means • A planting more trees to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere • B reducing the amount of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels • C storing carbon dioxide emitted from burning hydrocarbons • D using more renewable energy sources

14. 11. Creationism is opposed to scientific theory about • A atomic structure • B genetics • C evolution • D global warming

15. 12. The main purpose of Utilitarianism is to work out • A whether an action will be useful • B what the benefit of the action will be • C whether an action is right or wrong • D who will benefit most from the action

16. 13. Which one of these procedures for testing drugs does not raise ethical issues? • A testing on animals • B testing on humans • C testing on computer models • D testing on cloned cells

17. 14. In the UK, having a criminal record can affect a person’s • A freedom to travel overseas • B entitlement to social security benefit • C access to medical services • D legal rights

18. 15. The most likely form of punishment for manslaughter in the UK is • A community service • B probation • C a fine • D imprisonment

19. 16. Which of these statements about crime and punishment over the last 10 years is true? • A Levels of recorded crime have decreased and the number of prisoners has decreased • B Levels of recorded crime have decreased and the number of prisoners has increased • C Levels of recorded crime have increased and the number of prisoners has decreased • D Levels of recorded crime have increased and the number of prisoners has increased

20. Read the passage “Researchers see bias in private-funded studies” and answer questions 17 to 20. Researchers see bias in private-funded studies Research into the benefits of drinks, including fizzy pop and milk, may be severely biased. A group led by David Ludwig reviewed 206 articles about the nutritional effects of drinks and found a “significant” bias towards positive results in the research funded by the food industry. David Ludwig said “We found that the industry-funded studies were up to eight times more likely to be positive than the publicly funded ones. We now have evidence of a bias and that bias could have a substantial impact on human health.” But other scientists said that the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims. Susan Jebb, a senior scientist at Cambridge University, said that industry funding was “essential” as long as there was a strong understanding that it did not influence the outcomes of the research. “There isn’t enough public funding around so we welcome industry funding to help. The public should be able to have faith in the scientists to do research properly and fairly,” she added. (Source: adapted from an article by Polly Curtis, Health Correspondent, The Guardian) 17. For scientists testing the nutritional benefits of food and drink, the report suggests that • A Scientists working for the government produce more positive results • B Scientists working for industry produce more positive results • C Scientists working for industry produce more negative results • D Scientists working for the government produce more negative results

21. Read the passage “Researchers see bias in private-funded studies” and answer questions 17 to 20. Researchers see bias in private-funded studies Research into the benefits of drinks, including fizzy pop and milk, may be severely biased. A group led by David Ludwig reviewed 206 articles about the nutritional effects of drinks and found a “significant” bias towards positive results in the research funded by the food industry. David Ludwig said “We found that the industry-funded studies were up to eight times more likely to be positive than the publicly funded ones. We now have evidence of a bias and that bias could have a substantial impact on human health.” But other scientists said that the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims. Susan Jebb, a senior scientist at Cambridge University, said that industry funding was “essential” as long as there was a strong understanding that it did not influence the outcomes of the research. “There isn’t enough public funding around so we welcome industry funding to help. The public should be able to have faith in the scientists to do research properly and fairly,” she added. (Source: adapted from an article by Polly Curtis, Health Correspondent, The Guardian) 18. Susan Jebb’s claim that ‘...industry funding was “essential”...’ is an example of • A an argument by analogy • B an argument by cause • C a deductive argument • D an argument from authority

22. Read the passage “Researchers see bias in private-funded studies” and answer questions 17 to 20. Researchers see bias in private-funded studies Research into the benefits of drinks, including fizzy pop and milk, may be severely biased. A group led by David Ludwig reviewed 206 articles about the nutritional effects of drinks and found a “significant” bias towards positive results in the research funded by the food industry. David Ludwig said “We found that the industry-funded studies were up to eight times more likely to be positive than the publicly funded ones. We now have evidence of a bias and that bias could have a substantial impact on human health.” But other scientists said that the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims. Susan Jebb, a senior scientist at Cambridge University, said that industry funding was “essential” as long as there was a strong understanding that it did not influence the outcomes of the research. “There isn’t enough public funding around so we welcome industry funding to help. The public should be able to have faith in the scientists to do research properly and fairly,” she added. (Source: adapted from an article by Polly Curtis, Health Correspondent, The Guardian) 19. Which one of these statements from the passage is factual? • A ‘The researches reviews 206 articles...’ • B ‘Bias could have a substantial impact on human health...’ • C ‘There isn’t enough public funding around...’ • D ‘The public should be able to have more faith in scientists...’

23. Read the passage “Researchers see bias in private-funded studies” and answer questions 17 to 20. Researchers see bias in private-funded studies Research into the benefits of drinks, including fizzy pop and milk, may be severely biased. A group led by David Ludwig reviewed 206 articles about the nutritional effects of drinks and found a “significant” bias towards positive results in the research funded by the food industry. David Ludwig said “We found that the industry-funded studies were up to eight times more likely to be positive than the publicly funded ones. We now have evidence of a bias and that bias could have a substantial impact on human health.” But other scientists said that the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims. Susan Jebb, a senior scientist at Cambridge University, said that industry funding was “essential” as long as there was a strong understanding that it did not influence the outcomes of the research. “There isn’t enough public funding around so we welcome industry funding to help. The public should be able to have faith in the scientists to do research properly and fairly,” she added. (Source: adapted from an article by Polly Curtis, Health Correspondent, The Guardian) 20. The statement ‘...the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims...’ contains • A fact only • B opinion only • C a mixture of fact and opinion • D no facts or opinions

25. Read the passage ‘Black Swans’ and answer questions 1 to 3 Black Swans In the 16th century, all the swans observed in Europe were white. Perhaps it seemed obvious for Europeans to conclude that all swans were white. Who would have predicted that Dutch explorers would discover black swans in Australia in the 17th century? The phrase “Black Swan” is now used to describe an unpredictable event. 1. ‘All the swans observed in Europe were white’ is best described as • A coincidence • B fact • C opinion • D generalisation Objective (not based on opinion), confirmed and supported by evidence

26. Read the passage ‘Black Swans’ and answer questions 1 to 3 Black Swans In the 16th century, all the swans observed in Europe were white. Perhaps it seemed obvious for Europeans to conclude that all swans were white. Who would have predicted that Dutch explorers would discover black swans in Australia in the 17th century? The phrase “Black Swan” is now used to describe an unpredictable event. 2. ‘Perhaps it seemed obvious...’ is best described as • A coincidence • B fact • C opinion • D generalisation Opinion (no supporting evidence)

27. Read the passage ‘Black Swans’ and answer questions 1 to 3 Black Swans In the 16th century, all the swans observed in Europe were white. Perhaps it seemed obvious for Europeans to conclude that all swans were white. Who would have predicted that Dutch explorers would discover black swans in Australia in the 17th century? The phrase “Black Swan” is now used to describe an unpredictable event. 3. The original conclusion that ‘...all swans everywhere are white’ is a result of an argument by • A cause • B coincidence • C deduction • D induction From a specific observation to a broader generalisation

28. 4. Which one of these describes the correct sequence of activities in the development of a scientific theory? • A testinghypothesisobservationtheory • B observationtestinghypothesistheory • C testingobservationhypothesistheory • D observationhypothesistestingtheory You can’t test a hypothesis before you form it, the hypothesis is based on initial observation

29. 5. Occam’s Razor (the principle of simplicity) can be used to • A select the equipment used in scientific experiment • B decide what measurements to make in a scientific experiment • C keep experimental procedures as uncomplicated as possible • D choose between rival scientific theories When comparing theories that appear to give the same results, William of Occam said the explanation should use the fewest assumptions

30. 6. Which of these would be a suitable topic for scientific investigation? • A Is a cure for AIDS possible? • B Should we spend more money on health services? • C Are biological weapons immoral? • D Is space exploration a waste of money? (B) and (D) would be a financial investigation and (C) would be a moral debate Study the effectiveness of different treatments

31. It was probably less complicated than Ptolemy’s system of epicycles(A). It was more accurate in predicting orbits(B). It was based on observation(D). 7. Early opponents of the Copernican theory rejected it because • A it was too complicated • B the predictions for planetary orbits were inaccurate • C it challenged religious beliefs • D it was not based on observations The Church taught that the earth was the centre of the universe. Copernicus proposed that the Sun was the centre instead

32. 8. A problem associated with nuclear power generation, but not with other forms of generation, is • A the need to import raw materials • B the large amount of waste produced • C the effect on local wildlife • D the long half-life of the waste produced Waste material may stay radioactive for thousands of years – there is an issue of how to store it

33. 9. Which one of these areas of scientific research does not receive financial support from charities? • A nuclear fusion • B renewable energy • C hereditary disease • D animal welfare There are concerns about the negative implications of nuclear power generation – the other issues listed have popular support

34. Trees do absorb carbon dioxide (A). Renewable energy sources don’t release carbon dioxide (no burning hydro-carbons)(B) 10. Carbon capture can prevent an increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon capture means • A planting more trees to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere • B reducing the amount of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels • C storing carbon dioxide emitted from burning hydrocarbons • D using more renewable energy sources Carbon capture is the process of collecting the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels at the point it is produced

35. Creationists believe the biblical account in Genesis that man and animals were created different as opposed to the scientific theory of evolution which says they became different over a period of time 11. Creationism is opposed to scientific theory about • A atomic structure • B genetics • C evolution • D global warming

36. An action could be useful for a minority(A). Utilitarianism is not concerned with what the benefit is (B) or who will benefit (D) 12. The main purpose of Utilitarianism is to work out • A whether an action will be useful • B what the benefit of the action will be • C whether an action is right or wrong • D who will benefit most from the action Utilitarianism is a form of moral reasoning that judges an act on whether it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. I.e. What action will benefit the most? – that will be the right one to choose.

37. 13. Which one of these procedures for testing drugs does not raise ethical issues? • A testing on animals • B testing on humans • C testing on computer models • D testing on cloned cells The computer can’t be harmed and there is no concern regarding how it is produced or what status it has.

38. A criminal may have their right to a passport withdrawn so they cannot travel to reoffend. 14. In the UK, having a criminal record can affect a person’s • A freedom to travel overseas • B entitlement to social security benefit • C access to medical services • D legal rights Access to benefit, medical and legal services are seen as basic human rights

39. 15. The most likely form of punishment for manslaughter in the UK is • A community service • B probation • C a fine • D imprisonment Manslaughter is a violent offence so a custodial sentence is most likely

40. 16. Which of these statements about crime and punishment over the last 10 years is true? • A Levels of recorded crime have decreased and the number of prisoners has decreased • B Levels of recorded crime have decreased and the number of prisoners has increased • C Levels of recorded crime have increased and the number of prisoners has decreased • D Levels of recorded crime have increased and the number of prisoners has increased There is a higher proportion of violent crimes

41. Read the passage “Researchers see bias in private-funded studies” and answer questions 17 to 20. Researchers see bias in private-funded studies Research into the benefits of drinks, including fizzy pop and milk, may be severely biased. A group led by David Ludwig reviewed 206 articles about the nutritional effects of drinks and found a “significant” bias towards positive results in the research funded by the food industry. David Ludwig said “We found that the industry-funded studies were up to eight times more likely to be positive than the publicly funded ones. We now have evidence of a bias and that bias could have a substantial impact on human health.” But other scientists said that the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims. Susan Jebb, a senior scientist at Cambridge University, said that industry funding was “essential” as long as there was a strong understanding that it did not influence the outcomes of the research. “There isn’t enough public funding around so we welcome industry funding to help. The public should be able to have faith in the scientists to do research properly and fairly,” she added. (Source: adapted from an article by Polly Curtis, Health Correspondent, The Guardian) 17. For scientists testing the nutritional benefits of food and drink, the report suggests that • A Scientists working for the government produce more positive results • B Scientists working for industry produce more positive results • C Scientists working for industry produce more negative results • D Scientists working for the government produce more negative results

42. Read the passage “Researchers see bias in private-funded studies” and answer questions 17 to 20. Researchers see bias in private-funded studies Research into the benefits of drinks, including fizzy pop and milk, may be severely biased. A group led by David Ludwig reviewed 206 articles about the nutritional effects of drinks and found a “significant” bias towards positive results in the research funded by the food industry. David Ludwig said “We found that the industry-funded studies were up to eight times more likely to be positive than the publicly funded ones. We now have evidence of a bias and that bias could have a substantial impact on human health.” But other scientists said that the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims. Susan Jebb, a senior scientist at Cambridge University, said that industry funding was “essential” as long as there was a strong understanding that it did not influence the outcomes of the research. “There isn’t enough public funding around so we welcome industry funding to help. The public should be able to have faith in the scientists to do research properly and fairly,” she added. (Source: adapted from an article by Polly Curtis, Health Correspondent, The Guardian) 18. Susan Jebb’s claim that ‘...industry funding was “essential”...’ is an example of • A an argument by analogy • B an argument by cause • C a deductive argument • D an argument from authority High up in a respected institution therefore speaks with authority

43. Read the passage “Researchers see bias in private-funded studies” and answer questions 17 to 20. Researchers see bias in private-funded studies Research into the benefits of drinks, including fizzy pop and milk, may be severely biased. A group led by David Ludwig reviewed 206 articles about the nutritional effects of drinks and found a “significant” bias towards positive results in the research funded by the food industry. David Ludwig said “We found that the industry-funded studies were up to eight times more likely to be positive than the publicly funded ones. We now have evidence of a bias and that bias could have a substantial impact on human health.” But other scientists said that the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims. Susan Jebb, a senior scientist at Cambridge University, said that industry funding was “essential” as long as there was a strong understanding that it did not influence the outcomes of the research. “There isn’t enough public funding around so we welcome industry funding to help. The public should be able to have faith in the scientists to do research properly and fairly,” she added. (Source: adapted from an article by Polly Curtis, Health Correspondent, The Guardian) 19. Which one of these statements from the passage is factual? • A ‘The researches reviews 206 articles...’ • B ‘Bias could have a substantial impact on human health...’ • C ‘There isn’t enough public funding around...’ • D ‘The public should be able to have more faith in scientists...’ It can be confirmed by direct observation – it is not based on opinion or belief

44. Read the passage “Researchers see bias in private-funded studies” and answer questions 17 to 20. Researchers see bias in private-funded studies Research into the benefits of drinks, including fizzy pop and milk, may be severely biased. A group led by David Ludwig reviewed 206 articles about the nutritional effects of drinks and found a “significant” bias towards positive results in the research funded by the food industry. David Ludwig said “We found that the industry-funded studies were up to eight times more likely to be positive than the publicly funded ones. We now have evidence of a bias and that bias could have a substantial impact on human health.” But other scientists said that the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims. Susan Jebb, a senior scientist at Cambridge University, said that industry funding was “essential” as long as there was a strong understanding that it did not influence the outcomes of the research. “There isn’t enough public funding around so we welcome industry funding to help. The public should be able to have faith in the scientists to do research properly and fairly,” she added. (Source: adapted from an article by Polly Curtis, Health Correspondent, The Guardian) 20. The statement ‘...the high incidence of positive results in industry-funded research was because industry was more likely to fund research that was useful to its aims...’ contains • A fact only • B opinion only • C a mixture of fact and opinion • D no facts or opinions ‘The high incidence of positive results in industry funded research’ is factual – it can be confirmed by direct observation. The reason given as an opinion.