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Nervous System Disorders. Cerebral Palsy. Symptoms: spastic shaking or tremors; loss of motor control Causes: damage to motor areas of the brain during fetal development, birth, or infancy
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Cerebral Palsy • Symptoms: spastic shaking or tremors; loss of motor control • Causes: damage to motor areas of the brain during fetal development, birth, or infancy • Treatment: Irreversible but not progressive; surgeries & physical therapy may help
Epilepsy • Symptoms: seizures; convulsions - different types & vary in severity • Causes: sudden burst of irregular electrical activity in brain - reason this occurs not always known • Treatment: medications
Parkinson’s Disease • Symptoms: persistent shaking or tremors at rest, shuffling gait, rigid facial muscles - progressive • Causes: lack of dopamine (disorder of the basal ganglia - inhibition of motor drive) • Treatment: relieve symptoms with drugs such as L-dopa
Stroke (CVA) • Symptoms: paralysis & loss of feeling on one side of the body • Causes: disruption of blood flow to brain as a result of a blood clot OR broken blood vessels (hemorrhage) • Treatment: immediate treatment to relieve pressure allows for best chance of recovery; physical therapy may help . . .
Multiple Sclerosis • Symptoms: jerky body movements, double vision, partial paralysis of voluntary muscles, loss of motor control … • Causes: autoimmune; destruction of myelin sheath & scarring in CNS leads to short circuiting of nerve pathways • Treatment: incurable, varies among individuals, may undergo periods of remission
Poliomyelitis • Symptoms: headache, fever, sore throat, listlessness, stiffness, deep muscle pain & weakness, paralysis & death • Causes: virus that destroys cell bodies of motor neurons in the CNS • Rare due to immunization
Alzheimer’s Disease • Symptoms: mental deterioration characterized by memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, language loss, “sundowning” - irritable, moody, confused, violent, hallucinations • Causes: ? shortage of acetylcholine - structural changes in the brain: gyri shrink, ventricles enlarge, brain atrophies & contains abnormal protein deposits & neurofibrillar tangles • Treatment: progressive - some medications may slow down the disease process
Alzheimer’s Disease Interactive Tour
Huntington’s Disease • Symptoms: wild, jerky, flapping movements, mental deterioration, progressive • Causes: genetic - dominant gene; massive degeneration of basal nuclei & cerebral cortex; overstimulation of motor drive • Treatment: drugs that block dopamines effects
Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System 1. Hypothalamus • Oxygen • Cephalocaudal • Gross • Blood Pressure • Circulatory problems • Senility • CVA
Brain Dysfunctions • E - Concussion = slight & transient brain injury • F - Contusion = traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue 3. D - Coma = total nonresponsiveness to stimulation
Brain Dysfunctions • B - Cerebral edema & G - Intercranial hemorrhage = may cause medulla to be wedged into foramen magnum • B - Cerebral edema = after head injury, retention of water by brain • C - CVA = results when a brain region is deprived of blood or exposed to prolonged ishemia
Brain Dysfunctions 7. A - Alzheimer’s disease = progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits • H - Multiple Sclerosis = autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination • I - TIA = a mini-stroke; fleeting symptoms of a CVA