Digestion

1. Digestion What polysaccharide is difficult to digest leading to ruminants developing a more sophisticated digestive system? What part of the body secretes the substance that neutralizes stomach acid? The term for the place where digestion takes place in the Cnidarians. What inorganic substance is needed in small amounts to assist in the formation of hemoglobin molecules? What is the term for the circular muscles that allow a tube to be closed?

2. Answers • Cellulose • Pancreas • Gastrovascular cavity • Minerals • Sphincter

3. Circulatory system • What type of blood vessel is where nutrients leave the circulatory system to the cells? • What is the term for damage to the brain usually caused by a thrombosis or hemorrhage? • What kind of cholesterol reduces arteriosclerosis plaques? • What part of the heart is the natural pacemaker? • What is the term for the test that determines the % of RBC in a person’s blood?

4. Answers • Capillary • Stroke • HDL • SA node • hematocrit

5. Match Humoral immune system terms with function 1. B cells A. proteins that immobilize antigens 2. Plasma cells B. foreign particles 3. Antibodies C. release interleukins to stimulate B cells 4. Antigens D. release the immunoglobulins 5. Helper T cells E. chemicals that stimulate B cells 6. Interleukins F. antibodies recognize only certain antigens 7. Specificity G. make the antibodies

6. Answers • 1 G • 2 D • 3 A • 4 B • 5 C • 6 E • 7 F

7. Respiratory • What is the muscle that increase the volume of the thoracic cavity causing air to rush into the lungs? • What type of breathing uses this process in the previous question? • What two gases are normally carried by hemoglobin? • What type of cells are responsible for making the connective tissue that supports the trachea’s structure? • What is the portion of the circulatory system dealing with lungs referred to as? • What is the term for the fluid in the open circulatory of the insect?

8. Answer • Diaphragm • Negative pressure • Oxygen and carbon dioxide • Cartilage • Pulmonary • hemolymph

9. Functional unit • What is the functional unit of the following? • Nerve • Muscle • Lung • Kidney • organism

10. Answer • Neuron • Sarcomere • Alveoli • Nephron • cell

11. Misc. questions • What are the chemicals that are released by help T cells to stimulate the B cells? • Where would you find the glomerulus? • What part of the cell is the site of protein synthesis? • What part of the blood carries the hormones? • What are foreign substances that enter the body called? • What level of protein structure is found in the antibodies as they have four polypeptide chains?

12. Answers • Interleukins • Nephron • Ribosome • Plasma • Antigens • Quaternary

13. Name 4 differences as you can between arteries and veins.

14. Answers • Arteries go away from the heart • Arteries have thicker walls • Veins have valves • Veins have lower blood pressure in them • Veins usually carry deoxygenated blood • Blood pressure is taken using arteries

15. More questions • What organ makes bile? • What organ has cartilaginous rings that keep it open to maximize oxygen getting to the lungs? • What type of nitrogenous wastes are released by humans? • What type of nitrogenous wastes are released by freshwater fish? • What is the tube that carries urine away from the bladder? • What blood vessel carries blood away from the right ventricle? • What part of the brain is responsible for screening messages to avoid overstimulation of the cerebrum?

16. Answers • Liver • Trachea • Ammonia • Urethra • Pulmonary artery • thalamus

17. Name 8 ions and molecules as you can that are associated with neuron function.

18. answer • Ca+2 • Na+ • K+ • Neurotransmitter • Na channel protein • Phosholipid of membrane • K channel • Ca channel • Receptor protein • Acetylcholine • Cholinesterase

19. Respiratory • Label • A-F A B E C F D

20. Answer • A trachea • B bronchi • C lung • D diaphragm • E bronchioles • F alveoli

21. Short answer questions • What are the four parts that stimulate the heart beat in order? • What are the three types of nitrogenous waste in vertebrates? • What are the four types of cell junctions?

22. Answers • SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers • Ammonia, uric acid, urea • Plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

23. Name 10 different names for types of blood cells

24. answer • Red blood cell • Erythrocyte • White blood cell • Leukocyte • Platelet • Thrombocyte • Esosinophil • Monocyte • Basophil • Neutrophil • lymphocyte • Macrophage • T cell • B cell • Killer or cytotoxic t cell • Supressor t cell

25. Heart • Label B-G D E F B G C

26. Answers • NOTICE position of aorta gives you the left ventricle along with its size • B left atrium • C left ventricle • D aorta • E pulmonary artery • F right atrium • G right ventricle

27. What are the six molecules in CAPORG and which ones are involved in photosynthesis?

28. Answer • C = carbon dioxide • A = acetyl Co A • P = pyruvate or PGAL • O = oxaloacetate • R = RuBP • G = glucose • PGAL, carbon dioxide, RuBP, and glucose are involved in photosynthesis (one point each)

29. Misc questions • What enzyme is responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide in cells? • What statistical test compares expected and observed outcomes? • What line of defense would mucus belong to? • What gland releases bicarbonate ion into the duodenum? • What part of the mitochondrion does the Kreb’s cycle take place in? • How many different amino acids are there?

30. Answer • Catalase • Chi square • First line • Pancreas • Matrix • 20

31. Kidney • Label: A, B, 1, 6, 7, 4, 8 A B

32. Answer • A renal cortex • B ureter • 1 glomerulus • 6 bowmans capsule • 7 proximal convoluted tubule (before loop) • 4 loop of henle • 8 collecting duct

33. Good luck • Test tomorrow: • 40% 10 statements from course pack • 40% objectives: consider matching in course pack and this powerpoint, but other will be included • 20% 40 take home questions due Monday.