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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Blood. Blood. Functions distribution oxygen and nutrients removal of CO2 & wastes hormones protection prevent blood loss prevent infection regulation body temp. blood’s temp. 100.4 degrees F normal Ph 7.35-7.45 volume males ~ 5-6 L females ~ 4-5 L. Blood.

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Blood

  2. Blood • Functions • distribution • oxygen and nutrients • removal of CO2 & wastes • hormones • protection • prevent blood loss • prevent infection • regulation • body temp. blood’s temp. 100.4 degrees F • normal Ph 7.35-7.45 • volume • males ~ 5-6 L • females ~ 4-5 L

  3. Blood • Fluid Tissue ~ connective • plasma • blood cells • hematocrit • red blood cells 45% • Plasma 55% • Buffy coat less than 1 % contains white cells and platelets

  4. Composition & Character • Plasma • water • 90% • protein • antibodies albumin fibrogen • electrolytes • Na + K + Ca + Cl - Mg + • other components • gases • O2 and CO2 • glucose • fatty acids • vitamins

  5. Red Blood Cells • Erythrocytes • Transport oxygen to cells • Mature RBC lack a nucleus- eject it • Live 120 days – destroyed by the spleen • Made in red bone marrow • Small biconcave discs thinner in center • Females: 4.3-5.2 million cells/mm3 • Males: 5.1-5.8 million cells/mm3

  6. RBC • Hemoglobin • Iron containing pigment • 12-18 g/100ml • Single cell has about 250 million hemoglobin molecules can bind with 4 oxygens Hematopoiesis- blood cell formation red bone marrow stem cells

  7. RBC • Life span – 120 days • Anemia – decrease in O2 carrying capacity • Hemoglobin and or RBC deficiency • Symptoms: pale, cold, tired, short of breath • Causes • Sickle cells • B12 deficiency • Hemorrhage • Low iron • Bacterial infections

  8. Platelets • Thrombocytes • Cell fragments • 300,000/mm3 • Hemostasis- stops blood flow “clots” • Platelets cling to damaged site, • blood clotting factors • fibrogenform fibrin • and then clot • Hemostasis disorders thrombus embolus “clots” hemophilia - no clots

  9. White Blood Cells- Leukocytes • defense and immunity • contain nuclei and organelles • 5000 - 10,000 WBC’s • granular leukocytes • neutrophil’s ~ 3,000 - 7,000 54-62% of WBC • phagocytes • multilobed nucleus stain pink grains deep purple • eosinophils ~ 100-400 1-3% of WBC • chemicals to kill parasitic worms allergies • red granuals blue-red bilobed nucleus • basophils ~ 20-30 less than 1% of WBC • secrete histamines - vasodilators • chemicals to kill foreign substances • few large blue-purple grains • u or s shaped nucleus

  10. Agranulocytes • Monocytes 100-700 3-9 % of WBC • Large cells two to three times larger than RBC • Phagocytes • Present in chronic infections • Lymphocytes ~ 1500 – 3000 25-33% • small cells - r.b.c size • large dark purple nucleus • Provide immunity B cells and T cells • Secrete antibodies

  11. WBC count • leukocytosis above 11,000 cells / mm 3 • infection • leukopenia • low count • drugs steroids flu mumps measles AIDS • leukemia • too many immature WBC’s > 17,000 • mononucleosis • too many abnormal monocytes

  12. Blood Groups • Human Blood Groups • 30 common antigens on RBC’s • Antigens- agglutinogens • proteins on cell surfaces • Antibodies- agglutinins • proteins made in response to foreign antigens • agglutination • “clumping” • binding of antibodies to foreign antigens

  13. Blood Groups • ABO Systems

  14. Blood Groups • RH System • Rh – mother can make antibodies against developing Rh+ fetus • eight different kinds of Rh antigens • most important is antigen D have Rh + • lack antigen D Rh - make Rh antibodies • Blood Typing • cross matching

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