Anthony van der Veldt Assistant Director Safety, Operations & Infrastructure Europe

1. Airline & Pilot procedures Recommendations for Aircraft Operators On the Prevention of Runway Incursions Anthony van der Veldt Assistant Director Safety, Operations & Infrastructure Europe ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

2. Airline’s Flight Safety Department • Mission • Secure, promote and improve the safety of Flight Operations • Increase safety awareness through dissemination of knowledge from incident reports and flight data analysis • Identify and manage risks in order to proactively reduce accidents and incidents ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

3. Airline’s Flight Safety Department • Goals • Continuous improvement through Quality Assurance programmes including internal evaluation of flight operations • Implement Quality control initiatives to monitor compliance with existing standards • External Assessment of safety and quality through the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

4. Definition of Incidents • Any occurrence other than an accident associated with the operation of an aircraft, that affects or could affect the safety of operations, such as, • Air traffic incidents (between a/c – loss of separation) • Technical incidents, (a/c system failures) • Ground incidents (a/c not moving – engines out) • Operational incidents (collision or risk of collision with any vehicle, terrain or obstacle • An Air Safety Report must be filed to report all events, which affected or could have affected the safety of the flight ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

5. Responsibilities Flight Safety Department • Flight Safety Programme – Analysis of incident and flight data to identify hazards and areas of non-compliance • Risk Management Programme – Assessment of severity and likelihood of identifiable hazards • Accident Prevention Programme – To ensure implementation of corrective action needed to prevent risks to operational safety ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

6. Airline Reporting Culture • Generally good • Aircraft condition monitoring system (ACMS) • There maybe some write-fatigue influenceson subjects, e.g. No smoke policy ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

7. European Action Plan • The European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions and awareness raising program is running for two years • The Action Plan calls for full compliance with 6 Recommendations for Aircraft Operators • A survey amongst our member airlines revealed that on average 80 % of those 6 Recommendations have been fulfilled • Members are being updated by regular Runway Safety Progress Reports ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

8. European Action Plan Aircraft Operators 6 - Recommendations • Recommendation 4.4.1 Provide training and assessment for Pilots regarding Aerodrome signage, marking and lighting (88 %) • Recommendation 4.4.2 Pilots shall not cross red stop bars when lining up or crossing a runway, unless contingency procedures are in force, for example to cover cases where the stop bars or controls are unserviceable (88 %) ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

9. European Action Plan Aircraft Operators 6 - Recommendations • Recommendation 4.4.3 Ensure that flight deck procedures contain a requirement for explicit clearances to cross any runway. Includes non-active runways (91 %) • Recommendation 4.4.4 When in receipt of line-up clearance, Flight crew must advise ATC if they will need to hold on the runway for more than 90 seconds beyond the time it would normally be expected to depart (67 %) ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

10. European Action Plan Aircraft Operators 6 - Recommendations • Recommendation 4.4.5 Promote best practices on flight deck procedures while taxiing - to include the “Sterile flight deck” concept (74 %) • Recommendation 4.4.6 Promote best practices for pilots planning of ground operations (72 %) ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

11. Awareness Raising Visits • In 2004, 9 runway safety awareness raising visits to airports were paid (reports on available request) • In 2005, to date 9 airports have been visited with 6 more planned • Positive feedback was received from numerous airports in the European Region that have established Local Runway Safety Teams (LRST) ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

12. ATCprocedures Aerodromesigns Pilot procedures RT phraseology Pavement markings Language proficiency Pilot Survey Results Contributing Cause of experienced Runway Incursions ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

13. Markings Pop quiz? The three most important things about painted markings are? ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

14. Markings Contrast Contrast Contrast Contrast ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

15. Markings Lets take a look at a couple of examples why contrast is so important ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

16. Uncontrasted Hold Bar Look Hard it’s Here! ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

17. This is much better! ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

18. Contrast works ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

19. Now this looks good! ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

20. Anyone see the Island? ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

21. No problem here! ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

22. Contrast would sure help here... Remember, drivers need guidance as well ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

23. Paint is worn… but, still...? ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

24. Contrast helps wet pavement too ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

25. Low Visibility Operations Just under 1200’/400m RVR ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

26. Before impact events • At that position were painted two markings, R5 and R6 • The size and shape of the two markings did not conform with ICAO standards, and were only partially visible ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

27. Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesAirport familiarisation (1) • Prepare the necessary charts for taxi and have them available for use during taxi • Take some time to study the airport layout. Very often some systematic can be found in the naming of taxiways • Use the ATIS information and your previous experience to determine the possible taxi routes • Remember to review the latest NOTAM for both the Departure and Arrival airport for information concerning construction or taxiway/runway closures. Visualise this information on the charts ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

28. Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesAirport familiarisation (2) • Standard taxi routes are used more often at busy airports. Review the routes you can expect • Pay special attention to the location of HOT SPOTS. These are unique or complex intersections and runway crossings. Know what runways you will encounter between where you are and where you are going • Plan timing and execution of check lists, so that no distractions occur when approaching and/or crossing runways; i.e. all eyes outside during this phase • Conduct detailed briefing for all flight crew members, especially during night and low visibility operations i.e. include “extra eyes” where available ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

29. Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesTaxi checklist (1) • Write down taxi route • Assign crew member to progressively follow aircraft position on chart • Follow company SOP’s in regard to exterior lighting when taxiing and cleared for take-off – where possible, maximum illumination • Sterile flight Deck during taxi • Be alert for Mandatory Signs / Markings / Stop bars and Runway guard lights • Look for visual aids (Taxiway location information and destination signs) ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

30. Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesTaxi checklist (2) • Designate a crew member to look for and report signs / markings and keep track of location against the aerodrome chart • Conduct pre-departure checklists when the aircraft is stationary • Use STANDARD radio phraseology • Demand explicit clearance before crossing any runway • READBACK all runway crossing or hold short clearances using correct phraseology ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

31. Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesTaxi checklist (3) • DO NOT ALLOW flight crew to be rushed by any party (ATC or Company) • LISTEN to clearances issued to other aircraft • Before entering or crossing any runway CHECK FOR TRAFFIC!! • No checklist activity crossing any runway • Ensure correct understanding of the ICAO phraseology a “Taxi to holding position ” ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

32. Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesCommunications: clearances • The most common phraseology problem for non European based flight crew, is the fundamental difference between the North American phraseology “taxi into position and hold” (which has the same meaning as the ICAO standard phrase “line up [and wait]”) and • The standard ICAO phraseology “taxi to holding position” (which means taxi to, and hold at, a point clear of the runway – ILS Cat 1, 2/3 etc) • Listen carefully to the instruction. If unsure – ASK ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

33. Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesCommunications: Phraseology and Language Proficiency • Respect RT phraseology • Proscribe the use of local languages at internationalairports • Use a common aeronautical language and • Improve the aviation language proficiency (English) ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

34. RECURRENT TRAINING BRIEFING RUNWAY INCURSION JFK 22R ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

35. Runway 22R Incursion at JFK • 6498 - CDG/JFK • Landing at night 22L • 600 m Visibility • After landing, 6498 cross rwy22R in front of a B757 taking off ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

36. Runway in use at JFK ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

37. Runways and Taxiways involved ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

38. B757 ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

39. Runway 22R Incursion at JFK • 6498 receives a first taxi clearance via Zoulou • Three seconds later, 6498 receives an amended clearance through Juliet“Straight ahead on Juliet …” • 6498 taxi on Juliet and cross rwy 22R • Crew understood“no hold short 22R”from ATC instead of“and hold short”pronounced “n’hold short” ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

40. Lesson • To cross an active runway the word« CROSS »should have been pronounced by ATC and acknowledge by the crew • « CROSS » was never pronounced ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

41. Runway Incursion at CDG (1) • Flight xx123 • Bologna, Italy - Paris, France • MD 82 • A/C landed on RWY 26L and crossed RWY 26R without ATC clearance ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

42. Runway Incursion at CDG (2) • Weather conditions: • Visibility 10 km • Night Time • Wet Runway • Visibility 7 km • Broken Clouds at 500FT ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

43. Air france A/C ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

44. Runway Incursion at CDG (3) • After clearing RWY 26L, a/c was instructed to taxi via S3 and instructed to hold before crossing RWY 26R • Capt. did not succeeded in stopping the a/c at the stop bar (poor braking action conditions); a/c entered in RWY 26R by approx 1 m • Pilot of a/c decided that it was safer to continuecrossing RWY 26R as fast as possible • At the same time an A320 was cleared for take-off from RWY 26R, but in the French language ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

45. Runway Incursion at CDG (4)Probable direct and indirect causes • Poor braking action • Poor horizontal airport signals • Stop-bars not adequately high lighted in the airport chart used by the pilot • Inadequate use of ground/aircraft COM in French language ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management